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Topic 5 DQ 1 

 

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Topic 5 DQ 1 

Aging occurs with numerous changes caused by physiological changes in various body systems. It is characterized by changes in body composition evidenced by reduced muscle mass and deteriorating changes in muscles, bones, and joints. Musculoskeletal system changes can be attributed to reduced muscle strength and height loss in older adults (Amarya et al., 2018). The changes increase the risk of falls and fall-related injuries in the elderly population. In addition, numerous changes occur in the neurological system due to a reduced brain’s capacity to convey signals, causing a decline in memory, learning, cognition, and intelligence. Cognitive decline results in conditions such as Alzheimer’s dementia and Parkinson’s.  

Cardiovascular changes include decreased heart rate and constriction of blood vessels, which increases contractility and elevates blood pressure. Respiratory age-related changes include shrunk respiratory muscles and loss of lung tissue elasticity. The changes cause abnormal breathing patterns and increase the risk of respiratory infections (Amarya et al., 2018). The GI system also undergoes changes, such as teeth loss, reduced saliva secretion, delayed digestive process, and altered bowel movements resulting in incontinence or constipation. 

The body changes in aging are detrimental and put the elderly at risk of abuse, a common concern in this population. Changes in the musculoskeletal and neurological systems reduce the ability to perform ADLs independently, making older adults rely on others (Rosen et al., 2018). The dependency on others for ADLs makes them vulnerable to neglect, physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. Besides, the reduced muscle strength increases their vulnerability to physical assault since they cannot defend themselves.  

A health assessment for a geriatric patient varies from middle-aged adults since the nurse should take a comprehensive medical history for the geriatric. The medical history should include details of all the present medical illnesses and the previous and current treatments used (Garrard et al., 2020). Besides, the social history for a geriatric should be thorough, identifying the patient’s caregiver, living status, support system, and ability to carry out ADLs. Geriatrics are at risk of malnutrition, and thus the nurse should conduct a nutrition assessment.   

 

References 

Amarya, S., Singh, K., & Sabharwal, M. (2018). Ageing Process and Physiological Changes. In Gerontology. IntechOpenhttps://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76249 

Garrard, J. W., Cox, N. J., Dodds, R. M., Roberts, H. C., & Sayer, A. A. (2020). Comprehensive geriatric assessment in primary care: a systematic review. Aging clinical and experimental research, 32(2), 197–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-019-01183-w 

Rosen, T., Stern, M. E., Elman, A., & Mulcare, M. R. (2018). Identifying and Initiating Intervention for Elder Abuse and Neglect in the Emergency Department. Clinics in geriatric medicine, 34(3), 435–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2018.04.007 

 

 

 

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Topic 4 DQ 1 

Apr 25-27, 2022 

Compare independent variables, dependent variables, and extraneous variables. Describe two ways that researchers attempt to control extraneous variables. Support your answer with peer-reviewed articles. 

Mireille Ulysse 

Posted Date 

May 3, 2022, 6:01 PM 

Experimental studies are crucial in nursing practice as they help in determining how different phenomena are interrelated in evidence-based practice. The main variables that are used in an experimental investigation are dependent and independent. On the one hand, independent variables are the variables that are changed or manipulated by the researcher to determine their relationship with a phenomenon being observed. The experimenter manipulates independent variables and observes whether there are any observable changes in the dependent variable (Titler, 2018). On the other hand, a dependent variable is what the experimenter is measuring in the experiment. A dependent variable is a phenomenon or variable being tested in an experiment (Eldawlatly and Meo, 2019). Changes in this variable are dependent on the independent variable. In an experiment, independent variables can be thought of as the cause while the dependent variable is the effect because they change depending on the alterations made in independent variables. For instance, in a study to investigate if a low-calorie diet reduces cholesterol levels in overweight patients, low-calorie intake is the independent variable while cholesterol level is the dependent variable. 

Extraneous variables are any other variables in an experiment that are not under investigation and could potentially affect the internal validity of the study thus giving inaccurate research outcomes (Eldawlatly and Meo, 2019). Thus, the experimenter should always control for extraneous variables failure which could lead to inaccurate conclusions about the correlation between dependent and independent variables. In the example above, factors such as the age of the patient and other comorbid diseases could alter the results of the study if not controlled. 

One of the ways that researchers control extraneous variables is through randomization. In random sampling, the researcher assigns treatments randomly to the experimental and control groups to ensure possible extraneous variables are equally distributed between the study groups, especially when the sample size is relatively large (Falkner et al., 2018). The second approach involves the use of blinding whereby, treatments are kept unknown to both the participant and the researcher. 

References 

Eldawlatly, A. and Meo, S. (2019). Writing the methods section. Saudi Journal of Anesthesia. 13(Suppl 1): S20–S22. doi: 10.4103/sja.SJA_805_18 

Falkner, A. Et al. (2018). Nursing Research: Understanding Methods for Best Practice (1st Edition). Grand Canyon University Press. 

Titler, M.G., (May 31, 2018) Translation Research in Practice: An Introduction. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 23(2). 

Wanda Felder 

Posted Date 

May 1, 2022, 6:42 PM 

 Please review the chart below to gain more understanding of extraneous variables.  

https://slideplayer.com/slide/14781047/90/images/6/Extraneous+Variables+Participant+Variables+Situational+Variables.jpg 

  

Wanda Felder 

Posted Date 

May 1, 2022, 6:41 PM 

I like the breakdown of the variables in this example.  

What do you think? Do you find this helpful?  

   

https://www.psychologywizard.net/uploads/2/6/6/4/26640833/7182277_orig.jpg  

Wanda Felder 

Posted Date 

Apr 30, 2022, 7:14 PM 

  

Hi Class,  

Dependent and independent variables are more commonly discussed than extraneous variables (Sheppard, 2020). Extraneous variables are important to consider in research, as they can ultimately affect the results of a research study.  Sheppard (2020) asserts that the integrity of a research study could be compromised secondary to extraneous variables. As a researcher, completing comprehensive research, yet it lacks integrity is not desired. Furthermore, the credibility of the researcher is also diminished (Coates, 2014).   

 

In an attempt to ensure the research is credible, the researcher should implement the necessary controls. Furthermore, maintaining the integrity of the research is also associated with making necessary controls. In research, if an outcome occurs because of an extraneous variable, it is then called a confounding variable (Sheppard, 2020). What is a way to control research to reduce extraneous variables?   

   

Coates, H. (2014). Ensuring research integrity: The role of data management in current crises. College & Research Libraries News, 75(11), 598–601. https://doi.org/10.5860/crln.75.11.9224  

‌Sheppard, V. (2020). Research methods for the social sciences: An introduction. Retrieved from https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/jibcresearchmethods/chapter/4-6-extraneous-variables/  

Wanda Felder 

Posted Date 

Apr 30, 2022, 7:13 PM 

Your discussion of variables is informative. To enhance your understanding, please review the following example.  

  

As a class, let us review this example to look at the differences between dependent and independent variables. I found this example to be easier to understand given its relation to healthcare.  

  https://ori.hhs.gov/node/1218/printable/print  

 

Wanda Felder 

Posted Date 

Apr 30, 2022, 7:13 PM 

Replies to Mireille Ulysse 

Hi Class,  

Is there an unanswered question that remains regarding variables?  

 

Jana Garcia 

replied toWanda Felder 

May 1, 2022, 6:38 PM 

Replies to Wanda Felder 

Dr. Felder,  

I believe there is unanswered questions in research variables, and these are these lead to information gaps. An example in nursing research could include pregnant mothers who start a research trial, and they represent the variable of pregnant mothers who smoke. If she and others in her variable group abandoned the trial, the data that would be collected is not going to be accurate. This can occur when there is a lack of participation in research studies. This can cause a “problem for the overall reliability and generalizability of results when recruitment goals are missed, or participants are lost to follow-up” (Brunsdon, 2019). There are a few ways to avoid this gap. One is to increase the sample size and the other is to improve retention of participants. In regard to variables, they must be considered operational variable or having “some properties such as good reliability and validity, low bias, feasibility/practicality, low cost, objectivity, clarity, and acceptance” (Kaliyadan, 2019). If these variables are low on the validity scale, there outcome of research will not be reliable leading to unanswered questions in research. Thank you, Jana  

Brunsdon, D., Biesty, L., Brocklehurst, P. et al. What are the most important unanswered research questions in trial retention? A James Lind Alliance Priority Setting Partnership: the PRioRiTy II (Prioritising Retention in Randomised Trials) study. Trials 20, 593 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-019-3687-7 

 

Kaliyadan, F., & Kulkarni, V. (2019). Types of Variables, Descriptive Statistics, and Sample Size. Indian dermatology online journal, 10(1), 82–86. https://doi.org/10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_468_18 

Tracy Tibbs-Briggs 

Posted Date 

Apr 27, 2022, 11:08 PM 

Replies to Mireille Ulysse 

When conducting research, the researcher manipulates a variable to see the outcome in another variable. The variable that the researcher can control is the independent variable. The independent variable can directly affect the result of the dependent variable. The extraneous variable is the unwanted issue of things that can skew the data in an experiment. The extraneous variable is why all studies are likely to be incorrect because every experiment has a bias (Helbig & Ambrose, 2018). 

There are three categories of extraneous variables: situation, personal, and researcher-based. Situations are issues that can personally happen to the subjects in research that could not be determined before the study and are personal only to the subject or community, such as death or a natural disaster. A personal extraneous variable is an individual trait that makes every subject different such as other medical diagnoses and personal life experiences. The final and third type is the researcher-based extraneous variable. This variable is something that the researcher does that creates inconsistency from one subject, group, or community that may change collected data (Helbig & Ambrose, 2018). What makes research valuable is controlling the variable in an experiment and giving quality data and information. Researchers try their best to keep extraneous variables out of a study to provide validity and consistency to the study, but this can be close to impossible to achieve. 

 

Keeping extraneous variables out of a study makes the study reliable and accurate. However, there is no way to make an experiment 100% free of extraneous variables because people conduct these experiments, and error is human. 

However, researchers try to limit extraneous variables in experiments to include strategies such as the purification principle. The purification principle acknowledges the bias and produces a biased estimate. In addition, the purification principle recognizes the error percentage of skewed data and the percentage of data omitted in the study (Bernerth et al., 2018). Acknowledging this bias and calculating the potential of error is how researchers can control the probability of inaccurate data and skewed information from the experiment.  

 

References 

 

Bernerth, J. B., Cole, M. S., Taylor, E. C., & Walker, H. J. (2017). Control variables in leadership research: a qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Management, 44(1), 131–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317690586 

 

Helbig, J., & Ambrose, J. (2018). Applied statistics for health care. Gcumedia.com. https://lc.gcumedia.com/hlt362v/applied-statistics-for-health-care/v1.1/#/chapter/1 

 

 

 

 

Gale Storm-Bryant 

replied toTracy Tibbs-Briggs 

Apr 30, 2022, 6:47 PM 

  Replies to Tracy Tibbs-Briggs 

Tracy, 

Thank you for your very thorough post, 

Extraneous variables are fascinating, they can cause all types or disparities in an experiment because they are unexpected. Extraneous variables are almost impossible be controlled (McNiff & Petrick, 2018) but it is important to try for your research to be considered valid. An article on communications and issues with speech in children posed maturation as being a extraneous variable in their study (Rvachew &Matthews, 2017). The study researched apraxia in speech of an 8-year-old. They used a single case study which used evidence-based practice to decide when and how treatment should begin. With the study they understood the importance of using randomization to ensure the positive outcome (Rvachew & Matthews, 2017). Researchers know there may be differences between the study groups, but the thought of maturation came to them when they looked at the study as being complete and wondered if the improvement was from the intervention or the maturation (Rvachew & Matthews, 2017).  

 

As stated by the Merriam-Webster dictionary, (2022) maturation is the process of maturing, growing up, behavioral changes and development. 

 

This extraneous variable caused the researchers to do more testing to verify that the improvement in speech was from the intervention given. They did not leave their research to chance but ensured a trusted and valid outcome (Rvachew & Matthews, 2017). 

 

References: 

McNiff, P. & Petrick, M., (2018). Quantitative Research: Ethics, Theory, and Research. In Grand Canyon University (Eds.), Nursing Research: Understanding Methods for Best Practice. https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs433v/nursing-research-understanding-methods-for-best-practice/v1.1/#/chapter/3 

 

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Maturation. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved April 30, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/maturation 

 

Rvachew, S., & Matthews, T. (2017). Demonstrating treatment efficacy using the single subject randomization design: A tutorial and demonstration. Journal of Communication Disorders, 67, 1–13. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2017.04.003 

 

  Tamara Houston 

replied toTracy Tibbs-Briggs 

May 1, 2022, 7:05 PM 

Replies to Tracy Tibbs-Briggs 

To speak more of extraneous variables, Schmidt (2018) defines extraneous variables as a variable that can influence the relationship between the independent and dependent variables that can be controlled either through research design or statistical procedures. A study was conducted by Perveen et al. (2021) to evaluate stress among nursing students during initial clinical practice. In this study there were a number of extraneous variables that contributed to the student’s level of stress other than the initial clinical practice. These variables are included age of the students, housing, type of family, religion, and monthly family income. Students in this particular study that experience stress from variables other than nursing school may negatively effect the results of the survey as they may experience a higher level of stress as compared to those who do not experience stress from any other variable. One way to control extraneous variables is through randomization. Randomization prevents the selection bias and ensures against the accidental bias and it permits the use of probability theory to express the likelihood of chance as a source for the difference of end outcome (Suresh, 2011).  

Schmidt, M.(2018). Measurement, statistics, and appraisal. Nursing research: understanding methods to best practice. https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs433v/nursing-research-understanding-methods-for-best-practice/v1.1/#/chapter/4 

 

Suresh K. (2011). An overview of randomization techniques: An unbiased assessment of outcome in clinical research. Journal of human reproductive sciences, 4(1), 8–11. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-1208.82352 

 

Perveen, N. ., Mondal, S. ., & Afrose, S. . (2021). Stress among nursing students during initial clinical practice in Bangladesh. OIRT journal of scientific research, 1(2), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.53944/ojsr-2107 

Gale Storm-Bryant 

The post NRS 433 Topic 4 DQ 1  appeared first on Nursing Assignment Crackers.

Topic 3 DQ 1 

Apr 18-20, 2022 

Provide examples of experimental and nonexperimental research design. Contrast the levels of control applied to each. 

Wanda Felder 

Posted Date 

Apr 24, 2022, 6:13 PM 

I have another example regarding patient fatigue. How variable is an oncology patient’s fatigue? I do not think their fatigue is a discrete measurement. For many of my patients, they associate their level of fatigue with when they last received chemotherapy or where they are in their chemotherapy cycle. Additionally, a patient’s fatigue can be related to anemia if the chemotherapy has caused their hemoglobin and hematocrit to drop. 

Of course, there are some patients who do not experience fatigue, as you mentioned. Other patients have minimal declines in their energy level, and others are utterly exhausted. For these patients, we assess them to ascertain if blood products or IV fluids are needed. Following these interventions and when patients return for evaluation, their fatigue level is assessed again. I do feel that their responses reveal an improvement in their fatigue at their follow-up appointment. No matter their responses, this would be difficult for researchers. 

An example of nonexperimental research involves observing the behavior of patients’ reactions to pet therapy. I am interested in knowing how people who are not “pet people” react to pet therapy. In the study performed by Thodberg et al. (2015), nursing home residents who were afraid of dogs or had an allergy to dogs were excluded. They explicitly mentioned that exclusion criteria were fear or an allergy, but did not discuss if residents had a dislike of dogs.  

Thodberg et al. (2015) discuss the experimental study they completed regarding pet therapy and its impact on the nursing home residents’ sleep, psychiatric state, and weight. The researcher would need participants to sign consents to participate in this study. Interestingly, the participants had a cognitive decline during the experimental period (Thodberg et al., 2015). So, either non-experimental or experimental there are factors that can cause bias in this research study. Can you think of a type of bias? 

  

Thodberg, K., Sørensen, L. U., Christensen, J. W., Poulsen, P. H., Houbak, B., Damgaard, V., Keseler, I., Edwards, D., & Videbech, P. B. (2015). Therapeutic effects of dog visits in nursing homes for the elderly. Psychogeriatrics, 16(5), 289–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12159 

Natalee Burrell 

Posted Date 

Apr 20, 2022, 10:11 PM 

Replies to Wanda Felder 

Nursing research is extensive, and researchers use different designs to collect data and make inferences about various phenomena. Some researchers prefer the experimental design, while others rely on the non-experimental design. The main difference between these designs is how they deal with variables. Experimental design allows manipulation of variables, but the non-experimental design does not (Harding et al., 2021). Practical examples can help elucidate the differences between experimental and non-experimental research designs. 

A suitable example of experimental research design is testing a new depression medication through a randomized controlled trial. In this experiment, the experimental group receives the medication while the control group receives a placebo. Participants can only belong to one of the groups. Non-experimental research may be carried out on the treatment to determine its characteristics, such as the quantity and chemical components. Another appropriate example is an experiment on the effectiveness of physical exercise on diabetic adults. One group goes through intensive exercise without a change in diet while the other participates in dietary modifications. Non-experimental research can be assessing the features of dietary modifications necessary to reducing obesity. 

Regarding the levels of control, experimental research design exerts control on extraneous variables. Laksana et al. (2020) described extraneous variables as the variables not being investigated but can affect the outcomes of the research study. As a result, experimental research tampers with the natural setting. On the other hand, experimental research environments are natural and do not control extraneous variables. Harding et al. (2021) further posited that the most distinct difference between experimental and non-experimental research design is the researcher’s ability to control independent variables. Experimental research is manipulative, while non-experimental research does not interfere with the natural setting. The control is justified since researchers should control variables that can lead to inaccurate deductions. 

References 

Harding, D. J., Sanbonmatsu, L., Duncan, G. J., Gennetian, L. A., Katz, L. F., Kessler, R. C., … & Ludwig, J. (2021). Evaluating contradictory experimental and nonexperimental estimates of neighborhood effects on economic outcomes for adults. Housing Policy Debate, 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2021.1881985 

 

Laksana, E., Aczon, M., Ho, L., Carlin, C., Ledbetter, D., & Wetzel, R. (2020). The impact of extraneous features on the performance of recurrent neural network models in clinical tasks. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 102, 103351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103351 

 

 

 

 

Marise Guillaume Charles 

replied toNatalee Burrell 

Apr 22, 2022, 10:24 PM 

Replies to Natalee Burrell 

Hello Natalee. Thanks for the insightful discussion. From your discussion, I have learned that experimental design allows manipulation of variables, but the non-experimental design does not. There are two major types of research designs: experimental and nonexperimental. Experimental designs are used when the researcher wants to control and manipulate the variables in a study, in order to test a specific hypothesis (Harding et al., 2021). Nonexperimental designs, on the other hand, are used when the researcher does not want to manipulate the variables but rather wants to simply observe and describe what is happening. The level of control applied to each type of design varies (Leventhal & Dupéré, 2019). Experimental designs tend to have more control, since the researcher is able to specifically target and manipulate certain variables. Nonexperimental designs generally have less control, since the researcher is not actively manipulating any variables but is instead only observing what is happening naturally (Edmonds & Kennedy, 2017). Experimental research is manipulative, while non-experimental research does not interfere with the natural setting.  

 

References 

Edmonds, W., & Kennedy, T. (2017). Quantitative methods for nonexperimental research. An Applied Guide to Research Designs: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods. Seconded Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc, 117-119. https://methods.sagepub.com/book/an-applied-guide-to-research-designs-2e/i949.xml 

Harding, D. J., Sanbonmatsu, L., Duncan, G. J., Gennetian, L. A., Katz, L. F., Kessler, R. C., … & Ludwig, J. (2021). Evaluating contradictory experimental and nonexperimental estimates of neighborhood effects on economic outcomes for adults. Housing Policy Debate, 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2021.1881985 

Leventhal, T., & Dupéré, V. (2019). Neighborhood effects on children’s development in experimental and nonexperimental research. Annual review of developmental psychology, 1, 149-176. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-085221 

 

  Jasmine Arreola 

replied toNatalee Burrell 

Apr 23, 2022, 7:09 PM 

Replies to Natalee Burrell 

Natalee,  

Like your example of an RCT in experimental research I was interested to read this randomized controlled trial by Jain et al. (2019) on the effects of yoga in patients with heart failure. The inclusion criteria for the study was stable systolic HF, ages 18-65, left ventricular ejection fraction 30-40%, and unchanged pharmacologic therapy in the last 3 months (Jain et al., 2019). While they excluded people with instances of acute coronary syndrome in the last 6 months, comorbidities of COPD, liver failure, renal failure, and malignancy, and those unable to do yoga (Jain et al., 2019). They randomized the 60 participants into two groups, the control group received their standard medication therapy and the other group that received that plus yoga (Jain et al., 2019). The study lasted 12 weeks and the results found several beneficial effects in the group doing yoga: improvement in ejection fraction, quality of life, and reduction in NTproBNP and CRP levels (Jain et al., 2019). The authors cite a limitation that participating in yoga could not be blind, so they cannot rule out a placebo effect in the quality of life measurement (Jain et al., 2019). Nonetheless, the lab results cannot be disputed so the findings do have clinical significance and this leads to generalizability. I chose this article because to me it provided a clear picture of the topic we are discussing this week. While reading the study I was able to dissect attributes in ways I would not previously have been able to do.   

  

  

  

Jain, A., Manchanda, S., Madan, K., Bhola, S., & Sawhney, J. (2019). Effect of yoga in Heart Failure: randomized trial. Indian Heart Journal, 71, S37. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_183_21 

Natalya Kramarczyk 

Posted Date 

Apr 20, 2022, 8:08 PM 

Replies to Wanda Felder 

Experimental research studies is highly controlled research in which researcher manipulates one or more variables to determine effect on other variables (McNiff & Petrick, 2018). Experimental research design is often considered a gold-standard in research designs and more protected from bias and subjectivity compare to other research methods. It is widely used method in science, psychology, social studies and education. It is considered to have the most reliable outcomes and the most definite answers and less chance of bias IMcNiff & Pertick, 2018). Experimental research design is based on comparison of two or more groups where the participants are randomly selected and neither the participants nor the researcher would know if they were receiving the treatment or intervention or the placebo, which makes experimental research is a highly controlled and manipulated environment. In this quantitative research design, one or more independent variables are manipulated and applied to one or more dependent variables and the effect on the dependable variables is observed, measured and recorded, therefore it allows the researcher to draw a reasonable conclusion regarding cause -effect relationships between two variables types. This type of research is essential for nursing science which heavily relies on evidence best practice. Experimental studies are considered capable of generating substantial evidence (Gonella, Di Giulio, Palese, Dimonte, & Campagna,2019). For example, experimental study with nursing staff related to the knowledge about pressure ulcers was conducted among 71 nursing staff divided into intervention group and control group. Data was collected through validated questionnaire and the scores of the groups were analyzed before and after intervention concluded that educational interventions on staging, evaluation and prevention of pressure ulcers contributed significantly to the increase of correct responses score in the knowledge test of the intervention group and improved their knowledge on the subject (Baron, Reuter, Burgos, Cavali, Brandenburg & Krug, 2016). 

On the other hand, in non-experimental research design the environment of the research cannot be controlled or manipulated by a researcher at will because it takes place in a real life settings, where extraneous variables cannot be eliminated. Therefore the relationships between cause and effects cannot be clearly established. Another term for this type of research is observational because the researcher observes natural occurrences without intervention (Glasofer & Townsend, 2019). Findings from non-experimental research is the first step in determining whether an experimental design is called for. For example, a researcher may want to study exercise habits among teenagers with type 2 diabetes.  

It can not be said that one method is better than the other. Each one is equally valid depending on what is going to be studied and / or on the perspective that the researcher wants to give to his/her work. Both research designs are valuable for advancing nursing practice and nursing profession as a whole.  

References 

Baron, M. V., Reuter, C. P., Burgos, M. S., Cavalli, V., Brandenburg, C., & Krug, S. B. (2016). Experimental study with nursing staff related to the knowledge about pressure ulcers. Revista latino-americana de enfermagem, 24, e2831. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.1134.2831 

 

Glasofer, Amy DNP, RN, NE-BC; Townsend, Ann B. DrNP, RN, ANP-C, CNS-C Determining the level of evidence, Nursing Critical Care: November 2019 – Volume 14 – Issue 6 – p 22-25 

doi: 10.1097/01.CCN.0000580120.03118.1d  

 

Gonella, S., Di Giulio, P., Palese, A., Dimonte, V., & Campagna, S. (2019). Randomized Controlled Trials and Quasi-Experimental Studies Published in Nursing Journals: Findings From a Scoping Review With Implications for Further Research. Worldviews on evidence-based nursing, 16(4), 299–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12370 

 

McNiff, P., & Petrick, M. (2018). Quantitative Research: Ethics, Theory, and Research. Nursing research: Understanding methods for best practice. Grand Canyon University. https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs433v/nursing-research-understanding-methods-for-best-practice/v1.1/#/chapter/3  

 

Marise Guillaume Charles 

replied toNatalya Kramarczyk 

Apr 22, 2022, 10:24 PM 

Replies to Natalya Kramarczyk 

Hello Natalya. Thanks for the insightful discussion. From your discussion, I have learned that experimental research design is based on comparison of two or more groups where the participants are randomly selected and neither the participants nor the researcher would know if they were receiving the treatment or intervention or the placebo, which makes experimental research is a highly controlled and manipulated environment (Swart et al., 2019). Experimental research designs are those in which the researcher manipulates a variable of interest and measures the effect on another variable (Gonella et al., 2019). This type of design is often used in studies that aim to establish cause-and-effect relationships. In contrast, nonexperimental research designs are those in which the researcher does not manipulate any variables and instead just observes what happens. These types of studies are often used to explore relationships between variables or to describe some phenomenon (Leventhal & Dupéré, 2019). One key difference between experimental and nonexperimental designs is the level of control that is applied to each. In an experimental design, the researcher has a great deal of control over the variables under study. He or she can manipulate one variable while holding all other variables constant.  

References 

Gonella, S., Di Giulio, P., Palese, A., Dimonte, V., & Campagna, S. (2019). Randomized Controlled Trials and Quasi-Experimental Studies Published in Nursing Journals: Findings From a Scoping Review With Implications for Further Research. Worldviews on evidence-based nursing, 16(4), 299–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12370 

Leventhal, T., & Dupéré, V. (2019). Neighborhood effects on children’s development in experimental and nonexperimental research. Annual review of developmental psychology, 1, 149-176. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-085221 

Swart, L. A., Kramer, S., Ratele, K., & Seedat, M. (2019). Non-experimental research designs: Investigating the spatial distribution and social ecology of male homicide. Research Methods in the Social Sciences, 19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X18773807 

  Mary Bonillos 

replied toNatalya Kramarczyk 

Apr 24, 2022, 12:20 AM 

Replies to Natalya Kramarczyk 

Nonexperimental research designs are usually used to examine social phenomena in natural settings. There is no manipulation from the researcher, as there are no random assignments to different groups. On the other hand, experimental research is a method that the researcher highly controls. In randomized controlled trials (RTC), researchers are trying to measure the effectiveness of a new intervention or treatment. Experimental studies are highly controlled, as the researcher carefully selects the sampling group of the population, the intervention being studied, and the outcomes of interest (Hariton & Locascio, 2018). A defining feature of an RCT is that the researcher controls the assignment of the treatment or exposure. If done correctly, random assignment balances unmeasured confounders in expectation between the intervention and control groups (de Vocht et al., 2021). Another research option is a blend of experimental and nonexperimental. Quasi-experimental and natural experimental studies combine features of experiments, as they are research-led but non-randomized experiments (de Vocht et al., 2021). “Natural or quasi-experiments are appealing for public health research because they enable the evaluation of events or interventions that are difficult or impossible to manipulate experimentally, such as many policy and health system reforms” (de Vocht et al., 2021). 

References 

de Vocht, F., Katikireddi, S., McQuire, C., Tilling, K., Hickman, M., & Craig, P. (2021). Conceptualising natural and quasi experiments in public health. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-021-01224-x 

Hariton, E., & Locascio, J. J. (2018). Randomised controlled trials – the gold standard for effectiveness research: Study design: Randomised controlled trials. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 125(13), 1716. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.15199 

 

 

Tamara Houston 

Posted Date 

Apr 20, 2022, 6:25 PM 

Replies to Wanda Felder 

There are two broad methods in qualitative research. They are experimental and nonexperimental research design. The major difference between experimental and nonexperimental research design is this; In nonexperimental research, there is no manipulation of an independent variable, no requirement for a control group and no random group assignments as in experimental and quasi-experimental designs (Glasofer et al, 2020). Nonexperimental research is strictly observational as its purpose is to collect data. The variables are also measured as they occur organically without manipulation or use of external variables. According to Glasofer et al (2020), nonexperimental research design is driven by the research question’s intent to describe, predict, or explain the variable. Our class text tells us that experimental research design is the most highly controlled quantitative design where the most manipulation occurs to have the most reliable outcomes and the most definitive answers on what factors truly influence others and how (Mcniff & Petrick, 2018). This type of research design is utilized in clinical studies as well as evidence-based research. It often answers the question the effects of an independent variable on a dependent variable. For example, in a study done by Mulyadi et al (2018), the main objective was to determine the effects of simulation technology-based learning for nursing students.  From this study it was concluded that simulation technology is effective in meeting the needs of undergraduate students to prepare them for practice in a clinical setting.  

Glasofer, A., & Townsend, A. B. (2020). Determining the level of evidence: Nonexperimental research designs. Nursing2020 Critical Care, 15(1), 24-27.doi: 10.1097/01.CCN.0000612856.94212.9b    

 

Mcniff, P. & Petrick, M. (2018). Quantitative research: ethics, theory, and research. Nursing research:understanding methods for best practice. https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs433v/nursing-research-understanding-methods-for-best-practice/v1.1/#/chapter/3  

 

Mulyadi, M., Tonapa, S. I., Rompas, S. S. J., Wang, R. H., & Lee, B. O. (2021). Effects of simulation technology-based learning on nursing students’ learning outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies. Nurse Education Today, 107, 105127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.105127 

 

Marise Guillaume Charles 

replied toTamara Houston 

Apr 23, 2022, 5:27 AM 

Replies to Tamara Houston 

Hello Tamara. Thanks for the insightful discussion. From your discussion, I have learned that experimental research design is the most highly controlled quantitative design where the most manipulation occurs to have the most reliable outcomes and the most definitive answers on what factors truly influence others and how (Mcniff & Petrick, 2018). There are several key differences between experimental and nonexperimental research designs. The most important difference is that experimental designs allow for causality to be established, while nonexperimental designs cannot (Leventhal & Dupéré, 2019). This means that, with an experimental design, you can say with some confidence that a certain treatment or intervention caused a certain outcome; with a nonexperimental design, you can only say that there is a correlation between the two (Glasofer & Townsend, 2020). Other important differences include the fact that experimental designs are usually conducted in Controlled Environments (such as laboratories), while nonexperimental designs are usually conducted in Naturalistic Settings (such as the real world). Experimental designs also tend to be more structured than nonexperimental designs, and to involve fewer participants. 

 

References 

Glasofer, A., & Townsend, A. B. (2020). Determining the level of evidence: Nonexperimental research designs. Nursing2020 Critical Care, 15(1), 24-27.doi: 10.1097/01.CCN.0000612856.94212.9b    

Leventhal, T., & Dupéré, V. (2019). Neighborhood effects on children’s development in experimental and nonexperimental research. Annual review of developmental psychology, 1, 149-176. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-085221 

Mcniff, P. & Petrick, M. (2018). Quantitative research: ethics, theory, and research. Nursing research:understanding methods for best practice. https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs433v/nursing-research-understanding-methods-for-best-practice/v1.1/#/chapter/3 

Wanda Felder 

The post NRS 433 Topic 3 DQ 1  appeared first on Nursing Assignment Crackers.

Topic 1 DQ 2 

Aug 29-Sep 2, 2022 

Discuss how geopolitical and phenomenological place influence the context of a population or community assessment and intervention. Describe how the nursing process is utilized to assist in identifying health issues (local or global in nature) and in creating an appropriate intervention, including screenings and referrals, for the community or population. 

Dian Bowes 

Sep 3, 2022, 12:04 AM 

The geopolitical and phenomenological place influence the context of a population or community assessment and intervention. Geopolitical refers to the spatial designation and is often defined by the geographical location where certain individuals live. Such locations are also defined by political factors such as boundaries across different states with each state having different political leadership. The phenomenological place is defined by relational designation. It refers to how a community is related either through social issues or even a feeling of belonging. Examples of a phenomenological group might be individuals that have diabetes and, therefore, they have a common factor with which they can relate. People from different geopolitical places might face different health needs. For examples, individuals from developed and developing countries might experience differences in health needs. Therefore, understanding the geopolitical factors, the community nurse is able to provide care within the specific context of the different populations. The same applies to the phenomenological place where individuals from different groups might have different needs that the community nurse must take to account. For example, pain management in cancer patients might differ from pain management in diabetic patients while both groups are suffering from chronic illnesses. 

The nursing process is systematic and entails five critical steps. These steps include assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation (Toney-Butler & Thayer, 2022). The application of the nursing process is thus instrumental in helping diagnose potential and actual health issues facing a community. Based on the diagnosis, the community health nurse is then able to plan for an intervention that address the concerns and unique needs of each community. The implementation of the plan is done and an evaluation to determine its effectiveness follows. The application of the nursing process is thus instrumental as it helps in promoting positive health outcomes across the communities served. 

Reference 

Toney-Butler, T. J., & Thayer, J. M. (2022). Nursing process. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. 

 

MARYBELL AGUILAR 

replied toDian Bowes 

Sep 4, 2022, 8:23 PM 

Dian, great example of how different situations can lead to a different plan of care with chronic pain difference for cancer compared to chronic pain of diabetic patient. Using the nursing process, the nurse must look to see implementations must be used in order to plan out any intervention. One of the factors that may impede a nurse from carrying out the plan of care is resistance to change from a community. Change has the connotation of losing control or choice, sacrificing pleasures, such as favorite foods, increased cost, loss of personal time, or increased work, in the form of dedicated physical exercise (Green, 2018). When people feel they are losing control over a situation, they will fight or put up resistance as a way of having control. By using a calm voice and having a non-judgmental demeanor will help break some of the barriers nurses face while trying to help the community.  

Community & Public Health: The Future of Health Care. (n.d.). Retrieved September 4, 2022, from https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs427vn/community-and-public-health-the-future-of-health-care/v1.1/#/chapter/1  

Shola Akonu 

Sep 2, 2022, 10:56 PM 

A geopolitical place can consist of the community boundaries, transportation infrastructure, geographic features, climate, vegetation, animals, and human-made homes and facilities. Ways that geopolitical place may influence the context of population or community assessment are that natural disasters or injury may occur, there are also animal influences that may occur such as bites or attacks, there could be poisonous vegetation, temperature extremes, or other activities with weather that could be adverse for example tornados (Lohmann & McMurran, 2019). A phenomenological place is “a relational or psychological location rather than a geographical location that centers on history, culture, economics, education, spiritual beliefs, values, common characteristics, or similar goals.” This allows for social interaction, individuals to find common interests, goals or even characteristics that they may have in common (Trigg, 2017). This allows for the determination of the overall health status and health needs that are present in the community. 

Nurses have to work with a diversified community of patients from different backgrounds who have different ways of doing things—because of the above differentiation delivery of quality healthcare, maybe hindered (Roy, 2022). This is not limited but also extends to the language barrier hindering communication between the healthcare provider and the patient. For efficiency and exemplary delivery of service, some practices are put in place to ease the obstacles. Peer review, self-evaluation, reflective service, obtaining knowledge of different cultural practices, and goal setting are some of the practices that can be employed to better delivery of healthcare. Overcoming these challenges ensures smooth delivery of proper and quality healthcare; meanwhile, health issues are identified accurately, making the system efficient and reliable. 

 

 

References 

Lohmann, A., & McMurran, G. (2019). Resident-defined neighborhood mapping: Using GIS to analyze phenomenological neighborhoods. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 37(1), 66-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852350802498714 

Roy, C. (2022). Myanmar’s domestic and geopolitical context. Myanmar’s Peace Process and the Role of Middle Power States, 90(5), 17-28. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003245506-3 

Trigg, D. (2017). Place and non-place: A phenomenological perspective. Place, Space and Hermeneutics, 97(4), 127-139. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52214-2_10 

Clara Eneh 

Sep 2, 2022, 10:42 PM 

Geopolitical areas are the region of geography and cultures. Some people may choose to describe it as a spatial designation or geographical area. Such geopolitical communities are formed by man-made boundaries or naturally occurring boundaries around their habitation regions. Examples of natural barriers are rivers, hills, mountains, and canyons, to mention just a few (Bambra et al., 2017). On the other hand, human-made boundaries consist of bridges, walls, roads, or buildings that are mostly legally arrived. These legally arrived at boundaries are political and administrative, making them jurisdictional like counties, states, countries, and municipalities. Phenomenological communities are particular groupings that set people apart because of certain beliefs, goals, viewpoints, and interests; they give their members a sense of belonging to a particular group. Practical examples are religion and social or cultural groups (Taylan & Çelik, 2022). Everyone lives in a geopolitical community, and a larger percentage of us belong to one or more phenomenological community. A phenomenological community does not have to associate itself with a specific geographical boundary but spreads wide and far, even outside its region of origin. 

Using the nursing process when attempting to identify healthcare issues often requires not only identifying the specific patient population in need, but properly assessing that specific population as well to determine not only what their needs are but how one may accomplish determining appropriate interventions which will achieve the maximum amount of benefit for the community (Huriah & Rahman, 2021). For example, a public health nurse can identify an at-risk population which resides within a specific location and then gathering data to determine what the needs are in that patient population and what strategies and tools can be utilized to help promote specific health promotion initiatives and goals through specific interventions. 

 

 

 

References 

Bambra, C., Garthwaite, K., & Murphy, A. G. (2017). Geopolitical aspects of health: Austerity and health inequalities. Social Determinantsof Health, 68(2), 56-59. https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447336846.003.0020 

Huriah, T., & Rahman, A. (2021). Smoking behavior on health workers in Indonesia: A phenomenological study. Advances in Health Sciences Research, 89(5), 263-277. https://doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.210115.106 

Taylan, S., & Çelik, G. K. (2022). Experiences of patients undergoing bypass surgery with health professionals during the perioperative care process: A hermeneutic phenomenological study. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, 35(10), 20-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2021.11.016 

 

Adefunke Fatilokun 

replied toClara Eneh 

Sep 4, 2022, 1:03 PM 

Nice write up Clara, 

nursing process is applied as an approach to assess a community or specific population, Nurses can conduct an assessment of the community by using this tool, and thereby identifying and analyzing the problem areas, health disparities, and resources for a population. This provides insight into the conditions in which the population lives, works, and plays. By working with community stakeholders, which includes spiritual groups, the nurse can create the best interventions to address the health of the community members (Green, 2018). 

Reference 

Green, S.Z (2018). Populations as Clients. Community & Public Health: The Future of Health Care. Retrieved from https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs427vn/community-and-public-health-the-future-of-health-care/v1.1/#/chapter/1 

 

 

Agnes Dairo 

Sep 2, 2022, 10:29 PM 

A geopolitical location is a physical and/or regional location that is defined by certain characteristics or landmarks that help determine or differentiate one are from another or help contain a specific area based on natural resources, natural habitats, man-made structures or borders and how these frameworks can influence a specific population and ultimately their health (McCarthy, 2018). A phenomenological place can be more difficult to succinctly define perhaps, often times encompassing more intangible criteria such as religious organizations, special interest clubs and political venues, they can often be important sources of medically disadvantaged community members or avenues in which patient populations which are not treated with traditional medicine facilities can be treated or assessed. 

The nursing process is utilized to assist in identifying health issues locally and globally by taking the same steps in determining what needs are required for that population (Trigg, 2017). Just as the nursing process of assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing and evaluating an individual in their personal care, the process applies to a community just the same. The community assessment includes gathering of data and observing a group to reveal the current health status and population’s strengths and weaknesses to develop a diagnosis, plan, and interventions (Bil, 2020). Some of the community diagnoses include contamination, ineffective community coping, risk for injury, and deficient community health. Some health barriers the community encounters include cost transportation, age, and unfavorable geographic location to access local health care. 

 

 

 

References 

Bil, M. (2020). Migration activity of the population between Ukraine and Hungary in the context of geopolitical confrontations. Socio-Economic Research Bulletin, 0(1(72)), 58-71. https://doi.org/10.33987/vsed.1(72).2020.58-71 

McCarthy, H. N. (2018). Spanish nationals’ future plans in the context of Brexit. Population, Space and Place, 25(1), e2202. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2202 

Trigg, D. (2017). Place and non-place: A phenomenological perspective. Place, Space and Hermeneutics, 34(13), 127-139. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52214-2_10 

 

Crystal Clark 

replied toAgnes Dairo 

Sep 3, 2022, 8:10 PM 

Hello Agnes, good information on the nursing process and what the community assessment includes. Community health nurses promote, protect and preserve the health of the public. They provide direct care to the public and encourage individuals to choose a better lifestyle. Receiving the proper education can encourage individuals to better care for themselves to prevent diseases. Some health issues that community nurses try to eliminate are smoking, obesity, and poor nutrition (Northeastern State University, 2017).  

References 

Northeastern State University. (2017, September 20). The Nurses Role In Community Health. Retrieved from https://nursingonline.nsuok.edu/degrees/rn-to-bsn/nurses-role-in-community-health/ 

MARYBELL AGUILAR 

Sep 2, 2022, 8:03 PM 

Geopolitical and phenomenological communities together influence the nurses assessment of context. The geopolitical refers to the location whether they are man made such as roads, bridges, or buildings, and the phenomenological is the culture, history, and beliefs shared and a sense of belonging within a community such as China Town in Chicago, Il. Taking into consideration the geopolitical and phenomenological assessment may determine the specific needs of the community. The nurse assesses based on primary assessments such as the environment and observable interactions and factors. The secondary assessments is the data collected from research such as a census or surveys. The desired outcome of studying both primary and secondary sources is to form an understanding of the populations, creating a complete picture of the defined population in the community, their health status, and their health behaviors (Green, 2018).  

Just as the nursing process ADPIE, the same process is used to assess the problems in a know region and the needed help or resources needed. The ultimate goal of a community health assessment is to develop strategies to address the community’s health needs and identified issues (CDC, 2018).  

 

 

Community & Public Health: The Future of Health Care. (n.d.). Retrieved September 2, 2022, from https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs427vn/community-and-public-health-the-future-of-health-care/v1.1/#/chapter/1   

 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018, July 24). CDC – Assessment and plans – community health assessment – STLT gateway. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved September 2, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/publichealthgateway/cha/plan.html   

 

Agnes Dairo 

replied toMARYBELL AGUILAR 

Sep 2, 2022, 10:32 PM 

Thank you for the great post. Phenomenological places center on the history, culture, economics, education, spiritual beliefs, values, common characteristics as well as similar goals. It is often referred to as a psychological location as opposed to a geographical location. These relationships create a context where members in the community are able to experience a feeling of belonging (Bil, 2020). These social interactions, common interests, goals and other endless characteristics help to aid in the determination of health status as well as health needs. When considering what data needs to be collected for the community assessment, it should include but not be limited to, the population or people, geopolitical or phenomenological place, health information systems, as well as the observable social interactions (McCarthy, 2018). Regards! 

 

References 

Bil, M. (2020). Migration activity of the population between Ukraine and Hungary in the context of geopolitical confrontations. Socio-Economic Research Bulletin, 0(1(72)), 58-71. https://doi.org/10.33987/vsed.1(72).2020.58-71 

McCarthy, H. N. (2018). Spanish nationals’ future plans in the context of Brexit. Population, Space and Place, 25(1), e2202. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2202 

  Abigail Retana 

replied toMARYBELL AGUILAR 

Sep 3, 2022, 11:03 PM 

Hello Marybell, I agree with the statement regarding how the ultimate goal of a community health assessment is to develop strategies to address the community’s health needs and identified issues based on the Centers for Disease Control, (CDC, 2018). According to the CDC, “everyone should have a fair and just opportunity to achieve optimal health and well-being” (Center of Disease Control, 2021). CDC also came up with 10 Essential Public Health Services to provide a framework for public health to protect and promote the health of all people in all communities, and is the following:   

Assess and monitor population health status, factors that influence health, and community needs and assets  

Investigate, diagnose, and address health problems and hazards affecting the population  

Communicate effectively to inform and educate people about health, factors that influence it, and how to improve it  

Strengthen, support, and mobilize communities and partnerships to improve health  

Create, champion, and implement policies, plans, and laws that impact health  

Utilize legal and regulatory actions designed to improve and protect the public’s health  

Assure an effective system that enables equitable access to the individual services and care needed to be healthy  

Build and support a diverse and skilled public health workforce  

Improve and innovate public health functions through ongoing evaluation, research, and continuous quality improvement  

Build and maintain a strong organizational infrastructure for public health  

 

CDC, 2021  

 

This advice helps the community, PHN and stakeholders work together for better resources and education materials. Thanks for the helpful information!  

 

References:  

Centers for Disease Control. (2021b, March 18). CDC – 10 Essential Public Health Services – CSTLTS. Retrieved September 3, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/publichealthgateway/publichealthservices/essentialhealthservices.html  

The post NRS 428 Topic 1 DQ 2 appeared first on Nursing Assignment Crackers.

Select a global health issue affecting the international health community. Briefly describe the global health issue and its impact on the larger public health care systems (i.e., continents, regions, countries, states, and health departments). Discuss how health care delivery systems work collaboratively to address global health concerns and some of the stakeholders that work on these issues.  

Resources within your text covering international/global health, and the websites in the topic materials, will assist you in answering this discussion question. 

Dian Bowes 

Sep 9, 2022, 10:16 PM 

A global health issue that has affected the globe recently is the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has had devastating impacts on the economic, social, and personal lives of individuals. The health care system was the most impacted as clinicians were the first responders to the pandemic and provided the much-needed first intervention. The public health care system was affected by the lack of vaccinations and the need to engage in contact tracing. Quarantines were established to help prevent the further spread of the virus. Research had to be conducted on how to break the communicable chain of infection. Handwashing and social distancing became critical in helping prevent the spread of the virus (Kitson et al., 2021). Various stakeholders across the globe had to work together to effectively address the pandemic. Given the impact it had on the globe, it became hard for a nation to deal with the pandemic on its own. Global travel and the interconnection between nations further made it challenging to contain the virus spread (Stratton, 2020).  Vaccine distributions became important with countries supporting each other with regard to resource mobilization and distribution. Public health systems across different nations had to work together to prevent mass loss of lives and to allow the world to go back to normal. The impacts of the pandemic were severe on the health care system but also provided key learning lessons.  

References 

Kitson, A., Huisman-de Waal, G., & Muntlin, A. (2021). Lessons from COVID. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(7), e7-e9. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/jan.14844 

Stratton, S. J. (2020). COVID-19: Not a simple public health emergency. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 35(2), 119-119. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X2000031X 

  

 

Maria Delgado 

replied toDian Bowes 

Sep 10, 2022, 1:35 PM 

Hello Dian, 

I enjoyed reading your post; COVID-19 has affected many lives worldwide. Many lost loved ones who were unexpectedly affected by this pandemic. According to (World Health Organization (WHO), 2020) COVID-19 pandemic has led to a dramatic loss of human life worldwide and presents an unprecedented challenge to public health, food systems, and the world of work. The disruption of COVID-19 on our economic and social lives caused by the pandemic is devastating. Tens of millions of people are at risk of falling into extreme poverty (World Health Organization (WHO), 2020). Healthcare workers responded efficiently to the cries of our tired fellow co-workers when COVID was at its peak. The response from multiple countries and our government were good at trying to contain the pandemic by laying out safety regulations to prevent the spread of COVID. Which it continues to be affecting many but with progress in the distribution of vaccines, it’s not as deadly as before. Community health nurses and stakeholders have developed great educational tools and resources in reference to COVID-19. In facilities, we continue to educate on the prevention of COVID.  

References: 

 

World Health Organization (WHO). (2020, October 13). Impact of COVID-19 on people’s livelihoods, their health, and our food systems. Retrieved from World Health Organization (WHO): https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2020-impact-of-covid-19-on-people%27s-livelihoods-their-health-and-our-food-systems 

 

  MARYBELL AGUILAR 

replied toDian Bowes 

Sep 11, 2022, 2:24 PM 

Dian, great post. Although we are 2 years into Covid, we are still seeing many cases within in the community. The levels are not as high and the mortality rates are lower due to vaccinations and the different strains of the virus. We are now starting to see the after effects of Covid. Many health care workers have left the bedside due to burnout rates, high stress levels of high acuity patients, and low staffing ratios. The rates of mental health issues among the health care workers increased due to the pandemic. It is worth considering that in epidemic contexts HCWs are first in line facing the clinical challenges intrinsically linked to the course of the disease while under the constant personal threat of being infected or representing a source of infection ((Carmassi et al., 2020). Although Covid is still affecting many individuals, we as a community must be able to rebuild ourselves and help care for ourselves as we care for our patients.  

Carmassi, C., Foghi, C., Dell’Oste, V., Cordone, A., Bertelloni, C. A., Bui, E., & Dell’Osso, L. (2020, July 20). PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. Retrieved September 11, 2022, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016517812031204X   

  Adefunke Fatilokun 

replied toDian Bowes 

Sep 11, 2022, 7:09 PM 

Great piece Dian, 

The COVID-19 pandemic has put extreme stress on the health care workforce in the United States, leading to workforce shortages as well as increased health care worker burnout, exhaustion, and trauma. These pandemic-related challenges have taken place in a context of significant preexisting workforce shortages and maldistribution, as well as in a workforce where burnout, stress, and mental health problems (including an ongoing risk of post-traumatic stress disorder) were already significant problems. Many health care workers who were not directly caring for COVID-19 patients faced being furloughed or having their hours reduced, particularly early in the pandemic. In May 2020, approximately 15 percent of hospital workers reported being unable to work at some time in the past 4 weeks because their employer closed or lost business due to the pandemic, compared to 23 percent of non-hospital health care workers. These numbers declined to 1-2 percent by the end of 2020. Total employment in the health care industry declined during the early months of the pandemic but has gradually recovered since summer 2020. The relative decline in employment was substantially larger for ambulatory care employees compared to hospital employees (Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 2022). 

Reference 

Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. (2022). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Hospital and Outpatient Clinician Workforce. Retrieved from https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/9cc72124abd9ea25d58a22c7692dccb6/aspe-covid-workforce-report.pdf 

Vivian Akano 

Sep 9, 2022, 6:33 PM 

Coronavirus pandemic continues to be a worldwide health concern. Coronavirus affects the respiratory system with symptoms including dyspnea, fever, and shortness of breath. In extreme circumstances, it might result in respiratory failure necessitating mechanical ventilation. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2021), more than four million individuals have died as a result of this epidemic. Its influence on the American public health care system has been negative. COVID-19 can affect anybody, and symptoms can range from moderate to quite severe CDC. (2021). There were reports of insufficient personal protective equipment (PPE) and unsafe reuse of PPE by nurses. There was insufficient medical equipment and hospital beds to treat all the ill patients. The national guard had to offer help and relief to the most-affected states. Health care systems throughout the world are exerting great effort to promote immunization against the corona virus. The government and benefactors provided large pharmaceutical firms with funding to produce a viable vaccine in less than one year. The government then acquired the initial batch of vaccinations in order to immunize initially the health care personnel and the most susceptible population members. Currently, more than 4 billion individuals have been immunized (WHO, 2021). Still, there are several individuals who reject taking the COVID 19 vaccination owing to erroneous information or personal preference. 

REFERNCE 

CDC. (2021). Understanding the risk: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov 

World Health Organization. (2021). WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard: https://covid19.who.int/ 

 

Clara Eneh 

replied toVivian Akano 

Sep 9, 2022, 11:27 PM 

I have enjoyed reviewing your detailed and insightful post. Indeed, the COVID-19 pandemic led to a dramatic loss of human life worldwide and produced financial hardship and instability. As a result, the world must be prepared for the next and upcoming pandemic – it is not a matter of “if”, but of “when” (Vial et al., 2022). A strategy among the CDC (2020) is contact tracing, where workers speak with the affected and those who were physically close to the infected, in order to contain the spread of disease. A good example of this is the movie Contagion (2011), starring Matt Daemon, Kate Winslet, Jude Law, and Laurence Fishburne. Additionally, the CDC has various world-wide locations across many countries and this helps in international collaboration for containment of disease (Vial et al., 2022). However, larger worldwide efforts are needed among other countries to increase effectiveness. Regards! 

 

 

References 

Vial, P., González, C., Icaza, G., Ramirez-Santana, M., Quezada-Gaete, R., Núñez-Franz, L., Apablaza, M., Vial, C., Rubilar, P., Correa, J., Pérez, C., Florea, A., Guzmán, E., Lavín, M., Concha, P., Nájera, M., & Aguilera, X. (2022). Seroprevalence, spatial distribution, and social determinants of SARS-Cov-2 in three urban centers of Chile. BMC Infectious Diseases, 22(1), 127-139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07045-7 

  Ana Verdura Cordero 

replied toVivian Akano 

Sep 10, 2022, 11:07 PM 

Vivian, 

I agree with that statement about being misinformed. Health information is widely available to the public online when it used to be contained within textbooks. This issues that lies here is that any information can be shared online and in the case of vaccines there have been lots of misinformation and statements made about vaccines that is just not science based. They media and hollywood has even added fuel to the fire towards the anti-vaccine movement with celebrities speaking out of term about vaccines. Having accessible information avaiable to have meaningful conversation with your provider is important, but when it is misused and patients are misguided there is harm to be done (Hussain, A., et al., 2018). 

Even when scientific evidence is available and myths have been debunked, how do we advocate more effectively for the public? 

Hussain, A., Ali, S., Ahmed, M., Hussain, S. (2018). NIH. The Anti-Vaccination Movement: A Regression in Modern Medicine. The Anti-vaccination Movement: A Regression in Modern Medicine (nih.gov) 

  Adefunke Fatilokun 

replied toVivian Akano 

Sep 11, 2022, 7:14 PM 

Nice work Vivian, 

Many hospitals have reported critical staffing shortages over the course of the pandemic, particularly when case numbers were high. Hospital reporting critical staffing shortages peaked at 22 percent during mid-January 2022. Federal, state, and local governments took significant action to address the need for prevention and treatment services that arose from COVID-19 as well as the disruptions in health care delivery and finances that resulted from the pandemic through supplemental funding from federal relief legislation and easing many regulatory requirements (Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 2022). 

Reference 

Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. (2022). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Hospital and Outpatient Clinician Workforce. Retrieved from https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/9cc72124abd9ea25d58a22c7692dccb6/aspe-covid-workforce-report.pdf 

 

 

MARYBELL AGUILAR 

Sep 9, 2022, 6:22 PM 

One of the global health issues that has been ongoing for many years is the opioid addiction. In the US alone there has been more than 750,000 deaths since 1999 and 2 out of 3 overdoses will result in death (HHS, 2021). With the increase of prescribed opioids, many have misused medications and have found that opioids have addictive properties. Although many have prescription medications for needed pain management, they long term use of opioids leads to dependency and eventually addiction. One of the side effects of opioids is respiratory depression which can lead to an anoxic brain injury or death. There has been an increase of opioid addiction during pregnancy and infants born addicted to opioids. With the rise in opioid addiction, there has been a need for addiction treatment programs. With the use of grants and in collaboration with the court, inmates that are currently in a program to help fight addiction will provide the funding to local health departments in order to provide the medications needed to the community for their addiction. For example my local health department in Kenosha, Wi uses naltrexone as the preferred medication of use after a person has been through the detox phase. One of the goals of the Kenosha health department uses Naltrexone, an individualized treatment plan, and inclusion of family and other support systems in the recovery plan (Kenosha County Opioid Task Force, n.d.).  

(DCD), D. C. D. (n.d.). Opioid crisis statistics. HHS.gov. Retrieved September 9, 2022, from https://www.hhs.gov/opioids/about-the-epidemic/opioid-crisis-statistics/index.html   

 

Kenosha County Opioid Task Force. Kenosha County Opioid Task Force | Kenosha County, WI – Official Website. (n.d.). Retrieved September 9, 2022, from https://www.kenoshacounty.org/1917/Opioid-Task-Force   

 

Dian Bowes 

replied toMARYBELL AGUILAR 

Sep 9, 2022, 8:55 PM 

Great post Marybell. With the rise in opioid addiction, medications such as methadone and buprenorphine have also been found to be effective in reducing the morbidity and mortality related to illicit opioid use. Despite the efficacy of these life-saving medications, most people with opioid use disorder lack access to treatment (Calcaterra et al., 2019). Access to community resources and medications for opioid use disorder is crucial in helping to combat this epidemic. Patient education and health promotion are critical and ongoing parts of opioid recovery. Patient needs will vary based on education level, language barriers, socioeconomic status, disability, and interests, affecting the patient’s ability to receive the information provided (Green, 2018). 

References: 

Calcaterra, S. L., Bach, P., Chadi, A., Chadi, N., Kimmel, S. D., Morford, K. L., … & Samet, J. H. (2019). Methadone matters: what the United States can learn from the global effort to treat opioid addiction. Journal of general internal medicine, 34(6), 1039-1042. 

 

Green, S. (2018). Community as Client. Retrieved from https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs427vn/community-and-public-health-the-future-of-healthcare/v1.1/#/chapter/3  

 

The post NRS 428 Topic 2 DQ 2 appeared first on Nursing Assignment Crackers.

What are social determinants of health?  Explain how social determinants of health contribute to the development of disease.  Describe the fundamental idea that the communicable disease chain model is designed to represent. Give an example of the steps a nurse can take to break the link within the communicable disease chain. 

Resources within your text covering international/global health, and the websites in the topic materials, will assist you in answering this discussion question 

RIZALINA 

Social determinants of health are anything that affects an individual’s health that is not in his or her control, whether by economic standing, social and cultural exposure, or the environmental factors that impact health. Studies have shown that higher income, better social status, higher education, and more significant social support have better access to health care and have better health conditions (WHO, 2017). Poor sanitation or contaminated drinking sources alone exposes the community to illnesses and diseases (Grand Canyon University, 2018). This social determinant of health is also considered a reservoir in the chain of infection model wherein the disease-borne organisms are just waiting for a mode of transmission to enter a host or carrier of the disease (Grand Canyon University, 2018). A break in this chain will help prevent the spread of infectious diseases that may cause an outbreak in the community. Nurses are equipped with evidence-based tools and knowledge and can provide the necessary education to break this infection chain. Florence Nightingale was a revolutionary nurse who emphasized the importance of cleanliness during her time (Nightingale, Florence., 2018). Her ideologies on public service and the nurse’s role in promoting health are still influential today. Nurses can promote education on the importance of cleanliness to prevent the potential entry of the disease to the host. 

References 

 

Grand Canyon University (Ed). (2018). Community & public health: The future of health care. Retrieved from https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs427vn/community-and-public-health-the-future-of-health-care/v1.1/ 

 

Determinants of health. World Health Organization. (2017) Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/determinants-of-healtht) 

 

Nightingale, Florence. (2018). Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia, 1; https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=funk&AN=ni046100&site=eds-live&scope=site 

 

LOVELINE 

As humans, we need to stay healthy and strong to be functional in life. But sometimes despite all the efforts we put in as individuals to stay healthy, we still face health challenges caused by some external factors that we cannot control. For example, when we eat the right food (healthy food), exercise/stay active, get our immunizations, and avoid smoking/drinking alcohol we can positively influence our health. However, the presence of some socioeconomic and environmental factors can positively/negatively influence our health and wellbeing These factors are usually natural or manmade factors that bring about health disparities/inequalities in our communities. They are known as the social determinants of health (SDOHs). 

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2021), SDOHs refer to the socioeconomic and environmental conditions in our places of work, play, worship, and our homes and schools, that affect our health and wellbeing. Healthy People 2030 outlines five key areas of SDOHs: Health and Health Care, Economic Stability, Education, Social and Community Context, and Neighborhood and Built Environment (CDC, 2021). 

As earlier mentioned, these factors contribute to health disparities, which explains why some Americans are healthier than others or why Americans more generally are not as healthy as they could (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2022). Also, when compared to other industrialized nations, it rather unfortunate that Americans pay much for health care but get poorer results, and certain communities in our country still experience the worse health outcomes than others even with the ongoing efforts to improve cost and quality of health care (FamilyUSA, 2019). This is because certain factors like poor health care access, inadequate health systems, social exclusion, insufficient and lack of knowledge about healthy food sources have been given little or no attention. 

According to Green (2018), living under conditions of poverty, poor-ventilated housing, poor sanitation, and contaminated water predisposes one to malnutrition, low immunity, and communicable diseases such as tuberculosis (tb). Green defined communicable diseases as diseases that can be transmitted through direct contact with an infected person (tb) or indirectly through a vector (Malaria from mosquito’s bite). He also described how the infectious disease chain can be used by health care professionals to prevent the spread of communicable diseases. 

The communicable disease chain model is used to explain how a disease can be transmitted from one person to another, and how a break caused by an action taken by a healthcare professional (e.g., handwashing) at any point in the chain can prevent the spread. This chain is made of the following six elements: infectious agent (must be present for disease to occur, e.g. bacteria/virus, etc.), a reservoir, port of exit from the reservoir, mode of transmission, port of entry into a susceptible host, and a susceptible host (rlewis:AWS, 2013). For example, in the spread of malaria, the parasite (infectious agent) that causes malaria lives in contaminated/dirty water/environment. These dirty areas(reservoir) are breeding grounds for mosquitoes which later come in touch with the malaria parasite. Mosquitoes are the vectors that transmit malaria parasite to human(host) through a bite (mode of entry). 

Healthy People 2020 highlights the importance of addressing the SDOHs to close the gap in health disparities among nations and communities. This involves creating social and physical environments that promote good health for all (ODPHP, 2022). Nurses and other healthcare professionals can also bridge this gap by promoting good hand hygiene and sanitation measures, education on healthy eating/exercise, immunization against disease, and encourage use of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPEs) (Green, 2018). Today, we have seen how measures like handwashing, use of mask and social distancing have been used to curb down the spread of Covid-19. 

References: 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021a, March 10). About Social Determinants of 

Health (SDOH). Retrieved March 7, 2022, from  

https://www.cdc.gov/socialdeterminants/about.html 

Green, S. Z. (2018a). Epidemiology and Global Health. Community & Public Health: The Future 

of Health Care. Retrieved March 6, 2022, from https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs427vn/community-and-public-health-the-future-of-health-care/v1.1/#/chapter/2 

Families USA. (2019, December 16). The Center on Health Equity Action for System 

Transformation. Retrieved March 6, 2022, from https://familiesusa.org/our-work/the-center-on-health-equity-action-for-system-transformation/ 

Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP). (2022, February 6). Social Determinants of Health – Healthy People 2030 | health.gov. HealthyPeople.gov. Retrieved March 7, 2022, from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/social-determinants-of-health 

rlewis:AWS. (2013). CHAIN OF INFECTION. 2013 Grand Canyon University. Retrieved March 

6, 2022, from https://lc.gcumedia.com/nsg403c/chain-of-infection/chain-of-infection-v1.1.html 

 

GALE 

Social Determinants of health (SDOH) are conditions of living that stem from circumstances that they were born into. They include, housing, transportation, economic status, social environment, were we work, play, education, racial/ethnic and religious. These conditions set populations into groups which can be seen as an affect on our health (Falkner, 2018). 

Social Determinants of health (SDOH) contribute to disease because of limitations in health care and access to it. Unfair barriers to practice healthy behaviors (CDC, 2021). Human made surroundings contribute to the community as a whole and individual behaviors that determine health. Acceptance to education and being compliant understanding their actions will affect improved health. Cost for care and treatment, nutrition, and the ability to access quality and quantity of needed food to meet nutritional needs are all part of the fallout from SDOH. 

The chain of infection shows how the cycle continues; each part plays a major role in transmission. Within a community it can spread very quickly, and this community will suffer within the SDOH due to lack of healthcare accessibility. Nursing education on basic infection control practices in these communities can break the chain and decrease the number of those becoming ill. Handwashing is the most effective way to break the chain, covering a cough or sneeze, disposal of garbage and the use of disinfectants can be taught in schools (school nurse), community centers (nurse on site) and at all health care visits. Families can make this an activity that they can do together (CDC, 2022). 

Center for Disease Control CDC (2021, September 15th). Achieving Health Equity by Addressing the Social Determinants of Health. Social Determinants of Health. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP). https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/programs-impact/sdoh.htm 

 

Center for Disease Control CDC (2022, February 23rd). Handwashing in Communities: Clean Hands Save Lives. https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/index.html 

 

Falkner, A. (2018). Health Promotion in Nursing Care. In Grand Canyon University (Eds.). Health & wellness across the continuum. https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs429vn/health-promotion-health-and-wellness-across-the-continuum/v1.1/#/chapter/2 

 

The post NRS 428 Topic 2 DQ 1 appeared first on Nursing Assignment Crackers.

Compare vulnerable populations. Describe an example of one of these groups in the United States or from another country. Explain why the population is designated as “vulnerable.” Include the number of individuals belonging to this group and the specific challenges or issues involved. Discuss why these populations are unable to advocate for themselves, the ethical issues that must be considered when working with these groups, and how nursing advocacy would be beneficial.  

DELNORISHA 

Vulnerable populations include patients who are racial or ethnic minorities, children, elderly, socioeconomically disadvantaged, underinsured or those with certain medical conditions. Members of vulnerable populations often have health conditions that are exacerbated by unnecessarily inadequate healthcare. (National Library of Medicine). Vulnerable populations include groups across the age spectrum. The elderly is, or may become, too old or sick to care for themselves. Older adults are often economically vulnerable because their cost of care can exceed their income. Chronic illness increases an older adult’s dependency and cost of living. The impairments caused by chronic illness and the need for long term care increases directly with age, they say for many the last 10 years of life are spent in illness. There are three main risk factors that contribute to vulnerability in older adults, health status, cognitive ability, and social network. According to the National Council on Aging, about 92 percent of seniors have at least one chronic disease and 77 percent have at least two. Heart disease, stroke, cancer, and diabetes are among the most common and costly chronic health conditions causing two-thirds of deaths each year. With advance age by itself does not create vulnerability. However, it’s harder for the elderly to advocate due to certain problems that are common in old age, decrease strength, poor tolerance of physical activity, functional limitations, and decrease sensory awareness. The most frequent and most disturbing ethical issues reported by the nurses surveyed include, protecting patients’ rights and human dignity, providing care with possible risk to their own health, informed consent, staffing patterns that limited patient access to nursing care, the use of physical/chemical restraints. There are many reasons seniors might need patient advocacy, medical issues notwithstanding. Many elderly people are afraid or intimidated when trying to understand bills, talking to government officials regarding applications, or deciding their next step when overwhelmed with choices. It can be difficult for them to speak up for themselves when they’re unsure of what to say. And if you’ve been advocating for your senior on your own and are running into similar issues, that’s not uncommon either! If this accurately describes what you and your loved one are going through, it may be time to invest in professional patient advocacy. (Institute on Aging, 2014) 

  

 

Reference: 

Institute on Aging, (December 10, 2014), https://blog.ioaging.org/aging/patient-advocacy-need-someone-go-bat-senior/ 

 

National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology information, (April 26, 2013), https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23385323/ 

 

Senior First BC, Formerly known as BC Centre for elder advocacy and support, (2022), https://seniorsfirstbc.ca/for-professionals/vulnerability/#:~:text=Older%20adults%20are%20often%20economically,dependency%20and%20cost%20of%20living. 

Hi Delnorisha, it is true that vulnerable populations include minority groups, economically underprivileged as well as people suffering from particular conditions. Healthcare support inadequacies lead to a higher predisposition of vulnerable communities to some diseases. Chronic diseases for instance, remain predominant among the old while allergic reactions such as eczema predominates among the younger populations (Aldridge et al., 2018). Economically underprivileged populations are more predisposed to opportunistic disease and diseases linked to nutrition. The inability to afford basic health care support as well as balanced diet is a risk factor to some diseases that may not be evident in economically privileged populations. Practicing nurses take charge of ensuring ethical practice, patient right advocacy care provision. A key challenge in the process of discharging these mandate include intimidation by organization management on patient billing issues as well as voicing patient concerns (Cole et al., 2018). Empathy and professional ethics require that standard procedures are followed when handling diverse populations, albeit with the sense of reason.  

References 

Aldridge, R. W., Story, A., Hwang, S. W., Nordentoft, M., Luchenski, S. A., Hartwell, G.,  

Tweed, E. J., Lewer, D., Vittal Katikireddi, S., & Hayward, A. C. (2018). Morbidity and mortality in homeless individuals, prisoners, sex workers, and individuals with substance use disorders in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet (London, England), 391(10117), 241–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31869-X 

Cole, M. B., Trivedi, A. N., Wright, B., & Carey, K. (2018). Health Insurance Coverage and  

Access to Care for Community Health Center Patients: Evidence Following the Affordable Care Act. Journal of general internal medicine, 33(9), 1444–1446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-018-4499-2 

 

 

CHIDOZIE 

According to American Journal of Managed Care, vulnerable populations comprises of the low income households, ethnic minorities, the uninsured, the elderly, the homeless, those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and those with other chronic health conditions; including severe mental illness. It may also include rural residents, who often encounter barriers to accessing healthcare services. The vulnerability of these individuals is enhanced by race, ethnicity, age, sex, and factors such as income, insurance coverage (or lack thereof), and absence of a usual source of care. Their health and healthcare problems intersect with social factors, including housing, poverty, and inadequate education A vulnerable person is a person that is at risk of harm or abuse due to physical or mental health problems, financial problems, life events or lack of capability and confidence when dealing with finances.   

One vulnerable population this article will talk about is children, they are considered as a vulnerable population with respect to their health because of their inability to advocate for their own interests and to protect themselves from harm. Children are not little adults. They have unique patterns of environmental exposure and developmentally determined susceptibilities that increase their risk of disease following toxic environmental exposure. Evidence is accumulating that children’s exposure to toxic chemicals in the environment is contributing to changing patterns of pediatric disease. Children, because of their vulnerability, suffer all kinds of neglect and abuse ranging from physical, medical, emotional, and sexual abuse. According to world health organizations, children are particularly vulnerable to poor health outcomes, especially in the case of natural disasters or other calamities. Michigan is one of the states in the US that provide basic health insurance coverage to children regardless of their eligibility for Medicaid  

As a nurse, our role in advocating for little children can be quite challenging. These patients are unable to advocate for themselves because people in this age group are usually helpless. But being an advocate is so helpful because it allows the child to attain an improved level of care. The lack of providing our patients with preventative care can place them at an increased risk of health problems when they get old. At a time of great political uncertainty and societal upheaval, nurses can play the part of peacemaker, change agent and protector of human rights (Carlson, 2017).  

References  

Garrigues, L. J. (2020). Addressing health inequities in vulnerable populations through social justice. Integrative Health Nursing Interventions for Vulnerable Populations, 11-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60043-3_2  

Keith Carlson. (2017). Nurses and vulnerable populations: Ethics and social justice.  

Hello Chidozie, it is true that the composition of vulnerable populations include people living with conditions such as HIV and chronic medical conditions, low income populations, elderly people, as well as homeless people. Gender, ethnicity race, religion and other factors fuel vulnerability as they affect availability of healthcare targeting the specific needs of these populations. Lack of insurance cover, vulnerability to physical harm and opportunistic disease together with malnutrition further aggravate the menace (Bracewell & Greenwood, 2021). Children are also considered as vulnerable population as they have not developed complete immunity over most diseases. Exposure of children to toxic environment may have detrimental effects including severe reactions. The need for specialized care for children also predisposes them to poor care as there lacks adequate special care for children. Children are also vulnerable to physical abuse and efforts by the United States government aim at ensuring insurance coverage for all children. Nurses have the role of child right advocacy and offering the best nursing care to children (Scott & Scott, 2021). 

References 

Bracewell, T. E., & Greenwood, L. M. (2021). Child Sexual Assault Nurse Examinations and  

Prosecutorial Decisions to Accept or Reject Cases of Child Sexual Abuse. Journal of forensic nursing, 17(2), E10–E17. https://doi.org/10.1097/JFN.0000000000000328 

Scott, S. M., & Scott, P. A. (2021). Nursing, advocacy and public policy. Nursing ethics, 28(5),  

723–733. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733020961823 

 

SANDRA 

In comparison, vulnerable populations are less likely or incapable of protecting themselves to make informed and independent decisions. They are at a disadvantaged because of a personal trait or social status in result susceptible to negative outcomes. Common vulnerabilities are grouped into physical, psychological, and social risks in society. Mental health patients are a particularly vulnerable group. Schizophrenia and psychoses, depression, bipolar disorder, and developmental disorders to name a few are all examples of mental illnesses (who.int (n.d.). People who suffer from mental illnesses are more likely to be poor, have chronic health problems, belong to minority groups, and have lived through conflicts (who.int(n.d.). Social, cultural, economic, political, and environmental determinants are influenced by individuals’ contributing variables such as their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that are unmanaged. 

According to Mental Health Foundation, 2021 the numbers are high among people living with mental illnesses, 1 in 5 adults, 1 in 25 with serious mental illness, 50% of children before the age 14 with chronic mental illness and 75% by the age 24, and more than 10 million have more than 1 addiction or mental disorder above 18 years old. The availability of mental healthcare systems is diminishing around the world. The lack of funding of programs and institutions leave this population untreated properly. They continue to face barriers that cause challenges which include the lack of mental health treatment, shortage of mental health care workers, a diminish in resources and research, and facing negative stigma of mental illness. Th ethical issue of mental illness is the basic right to mental health care services and the mistreatment of researchers of mental health. Nurse advocacy is very beneficial because it allows the nurse to work on behalf of the patient to receive the resources needed for adequate mental health care and promoting autonomy by achieving a healthy state of mind. This allows the patient to focus on their well-being. 

References: 

 

Mental health statistics 2021. Mental Health Foundation. (2021, September 16). Retrieved from https://mentalhealthfoundation.org/mental-health-statistics-2021/  

 

World Health Organization. (n.d.). Mental disorders. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders  

Hello Sandra, I agree that vulnerable populations predispose individuals to poor healthcare. This results from inability to make informed decisions, inability to afford proper healthcare, lack of support to access proper healthcare among other factors. The vulnerable populations include children, the old, people with low income, and the homeless among others (Bonham & Kwasky, 2021). Some of the key challenges faced by the vulnerable population include inability to access proper health services, predisposition to diseases as a result of nutrient deficiency and toxic environment. Mental illness marks one of the key menaces in the vulnerable population that may lead to other medical conditions due to lack of proper healthcare support. Nurses have the role of patient advocacy for the vulnerable population (Marshall-Lee ET AL., 2019). This include advocacy for evidence based intervention for people living with mental illness, providing support to the affected families through education, proper diagnosis and administration of medicine to curb mental illness.  

References 

Bonham, E., & Kwasky, A. (2021). Caring for the Mental Health of Youth and Families: What is  

the Role of the Psychiatric Mental Health Advanced Practice Nurse?. Clinical nurse specialist CNS, 35(5), 246–252. https://doi.org/10.1097/NUR.0000000000000620 

Marshall-Lee, E. D., Hinger, C., Popovic, R., Miller Roberts, T. C., & Prempeh, L. (2019).  

Social justice advocacy in mental health services: Consumer, community, training, and policy perspectives. Psychological services, 10.1037/ser0000349. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000349 

 

The post NRS 428 Topic 3 DQ 1 appeared first on Nursing Assignment Crackers.

How does the community health nurse recognize bias, stereotypes, and implicit bias within the community? How should the nurse address these concepts to ensure health promotion activities are culturally competent? Propose strategies that you can employ to reduce cultural dissonance and bias to deliver culturally competent care. Include an evidence-based article that address the cultural issue. Cite and reference the article in APA format. 

DELNORISHA 

Why do nurses have inherent bias? It’s a subconscious human trait and frequently interferes with best nursing practices. An inherent bias doesn’t mean you are racist, and it doesn’t mean you shouldn’t be a nurse. but to know why it is essential to recognize as a nurse because, an implicit bias is not only harmful because it is undeserved, but it can also lead to disparities in care. Even if you are unaware of how you are feeling, your body language, your focused attention, and your level of care can be impacted directly by the way you are feeling. Each patient deserves your full care, so understanding what might trigger you to act differently will make you a better nurse. (Minority Nurses, 2018).  

 

Cultural competence is willingness to understand and interact with people of different cultures, race, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality. This approach allows nurse professionals to successfully treat patients even when patient’s beliefs, practices, and values directly conflict with conventional medical and nursing guidelines. Nurses can develop ability to tailor and explain treatment plans according to patient’s needs, which may be influenced by cultural practices that don’t fall within the parameters of conventional medicine. ‘Utilizing cultural competence appropriately will allow for deeper connections with patients. A nurse will gain the trust of the patient by being empathetic to their differences and unique needs. (Nurses Journal, 2022) 

 

 

Strategies that you can employ to reduce cultural dissonance and bias to deliver culturally competent care 

 

Perform a cultural competence self-assessment.

Determining your own strengths and weaknesses when it comes to working with people who come from different cultures is probably one of the most important ways to help improve your cultural competence. Several organizations offer free cultural competence self-assessment tools, and you can choose one that appropriate to your work. 

Obtain a certificate in cultural competence.

You can increase your cultural awareness, knowledge, and skills through culturally competent training, a workshop, or a seminar. Journal articles, textbooks, and the internet also offer great information that can help you improve cultural competence. 

Improve communication and language barriers.

The values, beliefs, and worldview of a particular cultural group are rooted within their language use; therefore, language is the key to accessing a culture. It is best if you can speak its language or find a translator (an individual providing language assistance) to help communicate with limited English proficiency patients. You also can use pictures, gestures, or written summaries to improve communication with your patients and reduce language barriers. 

Directly engage in cross-cultural interactions with patients.

Understanding that each patient is a unique person can help nurses effectively interact with patients. Nurses need to have the ability to explore patients’ beliefs, values, and needs to build effective relationships with them. 

Participate in online chats and networks.

Online networking and social media can have a great influence on improving nurses perceived cultural competency and cultural awareness and keeping them up to date on cultural competency issues.(Minority Nurses, 2018).  

 

 

Reference: 

Minority Nurse, Recognizing Implicit Bias in Health Care Settings, (January 3, 2018), https://minoritynurse.com/recognizing-implicit-bias-health-care-settings/ 

 

Nurses Journal, Cultural Competence in Nursing, (March 3,2022), https://nursejournal.org/resources/cultural-competence-in-nursing/ 

 

Minority Nurse, 5 Ways to Improve Cultural Competence in Nursing Care, (May 24, 2108), https://minoritynurse.com/5-ways-to-improve-cultural-competence-in-nursing-care/ 

 

RIZALINA 

 Cultural competence is the ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures, belief systems, and preferences” (Grand Canyon University, 2018). A way to be culturally competent is having a “higher level of moral reasoning attainable through formal education in cultural and ethics knowledge” (Henderson et al., 2018). Nurses have been taught in nursing school regarding cultural competence since there are different cultures and beliefs in the community or hospital setting. This cultural knowledge and awareness help identify personal biases and stereotypes and treat patients in a fair manner. Being aware of the diverse cultures helps the nurse be sensitive in providing care to the individual or the community (Sharifi et al., 2019). 

An example of cultural awareness is of a Chinese patient and family members being educated regarding changes in diet after a heart attack. Still, the patient keeps nodding, yet family members bring traditional herbal medications and their food with salt and fats anyway without any alterations. Since Chinese culture believes in the balance of yin and yang, it also reflects in their food whether it is hot or cold for the disease, and nodding at times may be a sign of respect and not of understanding (Simpson, 2003). Cultural sensitivity leads to acceptance and respect, promoting a therapeutic merge of cultures between the nurse, patient, and family members in the healthcare environment. Applying evidence-based information and keeping it factual will also assist the nurse in health education while considering cultural beliefs. 

 

References 

 

Grand Canyon University (Ed). (2018). Community & public health: The future of health care. 

 Retrieved from ttps://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs427vn/community-and-public-health-the-future-of-health-care/v1.1/https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs427vn/community-and-public-health-the-future-of-health-care/v1.1/ 

 

Henderson, S., Horne, M., Hills, R., & Kendall, E. (2018). Cultural competence in healthcare in the community: A concept analysis. Health & social care in the community, 26(4), 590–603. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12556 

 

Sharifi, N., Adib-Hajbaghery, M., & Najafi, M. (2019). Cultural competence in nursing: A concept analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 99https://10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103386 

 

Simpson P. B. (2003). Family beliefs about diet and traditional Chinese medicine for Hong Kong women with breast cancer. Oncology nursing forum, 30(5), 834–840. https://doi.org/10.1188/03.ONF.834-840 

 

MAYRETH 

In a nurse career, patient bias is something they always encounter. Prejudice is a negative evaluation of a particular group of individuals and its members. All individuals hold indirect discrimination. Sometimes nurses have a bias toward some of the patients (FitzGerald, 2017). To rectify the problem, nurses should identify the bias they hold against their patients and know how to respond to it. Unmanaged and unrecognized bias can negatively affect the patients leading to health disparities. 

Healthcare providers need to develop appropriate skills to offer medical services to patients of different backgrounds properly. There are various ways of developing the cultural competence of nurses. The main elements include patient experiences from different cultures, being open-minded about the experiences, and respecting cultural differences (Sukhera, 2020). For competent care, nurses are supposed to analyze individual cultural competence as part of development. Cultural dissonance can be reduced by cultivating understanding, trust, and respect. 

America journal of public health in 2015 reported that medical professional who had pro-white bias dominated the conversation and only involved with 33 percent of patient-centered conversation with black patients than white patients. The discrimination led to black patients having less respect for the medical professional, which led to less follow up of medical prescriptions and treatment plans. 

References 

FitzGerald, C., & Hurst, S. (2017). Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review. BMC medical ethics, 18(1), 19. 

Sukhera, J., Watling, C. J., & Gonzalez, C. M. (2020). Implicit Bias in Health Professions: From Recognition to Transformation. Academic Medicine, 95(5), 717-723. 

 

The post NRS 428 Topic 3 DQ 2 appeared first on Nursing Assignment Crackers.

The Affordable Care Act was signed into law by President Barack Obama in March 2010. Many of the provisions of the law directly affect health care providers. Review the following topic materials: 

“About the Affordable Care Act” 

“Health Care Transformation: The Affordable Care Act and More” 

What are the most important elements of the Affordable Care Act in relation to community and public health? What is the role of the nurse in implementing this law? 

 

JUDICHIELLE 

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was signed into law by President Barrack Obama in March 2010 as a comprehensive healthcare reform. The act simply known as Obamacare includes a list of health-related provisions which were intended to extend healthcare insurance to millions of uninsured Americans. The act expanded the Medicaid eligibility, creating health insurance companies and helped prevent insurance companies from denying coverage or overcharging due to pre-existing conditions. The act also allowed children to remain under the insurance plans of their parents until they reach the age of 26. 

Since the enactment of the act, millions of Americans have benefited through obtaining insurance coverage. Many of the unemployed and those with low paying jobs are now able to afford quality healthcare services as a result of the act. Some people who were unable to work due to disabilities or family obligations or also due to pre-existing conditions are now able to enjoy quality healthcare services. Since the act become law, over 16 million Americans had obtained health insurance within the first five years with young adults making up the biggest percentage of the newly insured citizens. More people can afford the health insurance as a result with insurance companies now spending over 80% of their premiums on medical care and improvements. Insurance companies do not overcharge premiums giving more people access to health insurance companies. 

 

In relation to community and public health, the ACA has contributed immensely through making healthcare more affordable to communities and populations who there before were unable to afford health insurance. Most people in communities where people survive on low income to sustain their livelihood are now able to afford insurance companies while those with pre-existing conditions are not overcharged by insurance companies. The nurse has a very important role in implementing the ACA law through guiding clients on the availability of the ACA and the benefits that they can get form enlisting. The nurse also has the role to ensure that community members who are in need are well informed about the Affordable care Act through organizing for health promotion programs and advocating for the community health awareness. 

 

References 

 

Protection, P., & Act, A. C. (2010). Patient protection and affordable care act. Public law, 111(48), 759-762. 

 

Blumenthal, D., Abrams, M., & Nuzum, R. (2015). The affordable care act at 5 years. 

 

Hamel, M. B., Blumenthal, D., & Collins, S. R. (2014). Health care coverage under the Affordable Care Act—a progress report. The New England journal of medicine, 371(3), 275-81. 

 

KADIATU 

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, or Obamacare, is sometimes known as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). The Affordable Care Act (ACA), proposed on March 23, 2010, and signed by President Obama, was the first step toward giving health-care coverage to the uninsured. In 2014, the amended version of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) made it possible for those under the age of 65 years old to be eligible if their total family income was less than 33% of the poverty level (ncsl.org). The proposal was designed to improve insurance access, coverage, and system performance and encourage preventative and wellness treatment and patient safety. 

The ACA provision allows the insurance providers to adhere to a strict set of rules and restrictions. The policy was established to increase insurance coverage, improve program efficiency and performance, and improve health and wellness care and patient safety. After March 23, 2010, all insurance policies must cover essential primary and secondary preventative treatments, such as mammography, blood pressure, and cholesterol screenings, immunization, and specific laboratory tests, as screening for some states allows for preventive practices, improves public knowledge about various diseases, and necessitates public health education campaigns(Rosenbaum, 2011). 

 

The American Nurses Association has long pushed for nurses, urging lawmakers to acknowledge the true worth of nursing and nurses via protection and affordable care legislation. Nurses already play a critical role in operational efficiencies, treatment continuity, and patient welfare, and recent advancements in nursing education have given us even more opportunities to do so. Nurses significantly impact the healthcare system because they are the single largest group that supports nurse training programs and expands healthcare scholarship and student loan programs. Nurses can influence policies that affect public health. 

 

Health care that works for Americans. (n.d.). The White House. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/healthreform/healthcare-overview 

 

Rosenbaum S. (2011). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: implications for public health policy and practice. Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974), 126(1), 130–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491112600118 

 

The Affordable Care Act: A brief summary. (n.d.). Legislative News, Studies and Analysis | National Conference of State Legislatures. https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/the-affordable-care-act-brief-summary.aspx 

 

CHIDOZIE 

Since its adoption in 2010, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has extended access to comprehensive health coverage to millions of previously uninsured Americans through the expansion of Medicaid, the establishment of the Health Insurance Marketplace, and the creation of several consumer protections designed to mitigate discrimination from providers and healthcare systems and to limit insurers’ ability to deny, limit, or cancel coverage.  

Initial results from the ACA lowered the number of the uninsured, now estimated at 30.4 million, or 9.4% by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), down 18.2 million people since the passage of the ACA in 2010. Recently, concerns have arisen about the sustainability of these results, including several actions, regulations, and proposals that have the potential to threaten both the availability and the adequacy of plans in the insurance marketplace. Millions of Americans remain uninsured or underinsured, with half of uninsured adults reporting the cost of coverage as the primary factor. Moreover, the progress made across the previous 5 decades in reducing cardiovascular death and disability has stalled, and increasingly, we are learning that striking differences in cardiovascular mortality remain across sex, gender identity, race, and ethnicity, driven largely by geographic locations, income levels, level of education, and other social determinants of health.  

Nurses view the healthcare industry from a privileged perspective. They not only help patients, but, given the amount of charting and paperwork they encounter, they also gain insight into the workings of the health insurance industry (Nurse Journal staff, 2021). Nurses offer a unique, expert, bedside perspective on the healthcare system and, as one of the largest healthcare professions, can be effective in healthcare political action,” Weatherspoon says. “Working at the point of care, nurses see the good things and the areas that need improvement.” Nursing professionals can use this knowledge to improve the healthcare industry by advocating and taking political action, Weatherspoon adds. One way to do this is by contacting representatives from your state legislature.  

References  

Nurse Journal Staff. (2021, October 26). The Affordable Care Act and nursing | NurseJournal.org. NurseJournal. https://nursejournal.org/resources/affordable-care-act-nursing-guide/  

Warner, J. J., Benjamin, I. J., Churchwell, K., Firestone, G., Gardner, T. J., Johnson, J. C., Ng-Osorio, J., Rodriguez, C. J., Todman, L., Yaffe, K., Yancy, C. W., & Harrington, R. A. (2020). Advancing healthcare reform: The American Heart Association’s 2020 statement of principles for adequate, accessible, and affordable health care: A presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. 

REPLY 

SN 

 

The Affordable Care Act was signed into law by President Barack Obama in March 2010. Many of the provisions of the law directly affect health care providers. Review the following topic materials: 

“About the Affordable Care Act” 

“Health Care Transformation: The Affordable Care Act and More” 

What are the most important elements of the Affordable Care Act in relation to community and public health? What is the role of the nurse in implementing this law? 

 

JUDICHIELLE 

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was signed into law by President Barrack Obama in March 2010 as a comprehensive healthcare reform. The act simply known as Obamacare includes a list of health-related provisions which were intended to extend healthcare insurance to millions of uninsured Americans. The act expanded the Medicaid eligibility, creating health insurance companies and helped prevent insurance companies from denying coverage or overcharging due to pre-existing conditions. The act also allowed children to remain under the insurance plans of their parents until they reach the age of 26. 

Since the enactment of the act, millions of Americans have benefited through obtaining insurance coverage. Many of the unemployed and those with low paying jobs are now able to afford quality healthcare services as a result of the act. Some people who were unable to work due to disabilities or family obligations or also due to pre-existing conditions are now able to enjoy quality healthcare services. Since the act become law, over 16 million Americans had obtained health insurance within the first five years with young adults making up the biggest percentage of the newly insured citizens. More people can afford the health insurance as a result with insurance companies now spending over 80% of their premiums on medical care and improvements. Insurance companies do not overcharge premiums giving more people access to health insurance companies. 

 

In relation to community and public health, the ACA has contributed immensely through making healthcare more affordable to communities and populations who there before were unable to afford health insurance. Most people in communities where people survive on low income to sustain their livelihood are now able to afford insurance companies while those with pre-existing conditions are not overcharged by insurance companies. The nurse has a very important role in implementing the ACA law through guiding clients on the availability of the ACA and the benefits that they can get form enlisting. The nurse also has the role to ensure that community members who are in need are well informed about the Affordable care Act through organizing for health promotion programs and advocating for the community health awareness. 

 

References 

 

Protection, P., & Act, A. C. (2010). Patient protection and affordable care act. Public law, 111(48), 759-762. 

 

Blumenthal, D., Abrams, M., & Nuzum, R. (2015). The affordable care act at 5 years. 

 

Hamel, M. B., Blumenthal, D., & Collins, S. R. (2014). Health care coverage under the Affordable Care Act—a progress report. The New England journal of medicine, 371(3), 275-81. 

 

KADIATU 

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, or Obamacare, is sometimes known as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). The Affordable Care Act (ACA), proposed on March 23, 2010, and signed by President Obama, was the first step toward giving health-care coverage to the uninsured. In 2014, the amended version of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) made it possible for those under the age of 65 years old to be eligible if their total family income was less than 33% of the poverty level (ncsl.org). The proposal was designed to improve insurance access, coverage, and system performance and encourage preventative and wellness treatment and patient safety. 

The ACA provision allows the insurance providers to adhere to a strict set of rules and restrictions. The policy was established to increase insurance coverage, improve program efficiency and performance, and improve health and wellness care and patient safety. After March 23, 2010, all insurance policies must cover essential primary and secondary preventative treatments, such as mammography, blood pressure, and cholesterol screenings, immunization, and specific laboratory tests, as screening for some states allows for preventive practices, improves public knowledge about various diseases, and necessitates public health education campaigns(Rosenbaum, 2011). 

 

The American Nurses Association has long pushed for nurses, urging lawmakers to acknowledge the true worth of nursing and nurses via protection and affordable care legislation. Nurses already play a critical role in operational efficiencies, treatment continuity, and patient welfare, and recent advancements in nursing education have given us even more opportunities to do so. Nurses significantly impact the healthcare system because they are the single largest group that supports nurse training programs and expands healthcare scholarship and student loan programs. Nurses can influence policies that affect public health. 

 

Health care that works for Americans. (n.d.). The White House. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/healthreform/healthcare-overview 

 

Rosenbaum S. (2011). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: implications for public health policy and practice. Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974), 126(1), 130–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491112600118 

 

The Affordable Care Act: A brief summary. (n.d.). Legislative News, Studies and Analysis | National Conference of State Legislatures. https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/the-affordable-care-act-brief-summary.aspx 

 

CHIDOZIE 

Since its adoption in 2010, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has extended access to comprehensive health coverage to millions of previously uninsured Americans through the expansion of Medicaid, the establishment of the Health Insurance Marketplace, and the creation of several consumer protections designed to mitigate discrimination from providers and healthcare systems and to limit insurers’ ability to deny, limit, or cancel coverage.  

Initial results from the ACA lowered the number of the uninsured, now estimated at 30.4 million, or 9.4% by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), down 18.2 million people since the passage of the ACA in 2010. Recently, concerns have arisen about the sustainability of these results, including several actions, regulations, and proposals that have the potential to threaten both the availability and the adequacy of plans in the insurance marketplace. Millions of Americans remain uninsured or underinsured, with half of uninsured adults reporting the cost of coverage as the primary factor. Moreover, the progress made across the previous 5 decades in reducing cardiovascular death and disability has stalled, and increasingly, we are learning that striking differences in cardiovascular mortality remain across sex, gender identity, race, and ethnicity, driven largely by geographic locations, income levels, level of education, and other social determinants of health.  

Nurses view the healthcare industry from a privileged perspective. They not only help patients, but, given the amount of charting and paperwork they encounter, they also gain insight into the workings of the health insurance industry (Nurse Journal staff, 2021). Nurses offer a unique, expert, bedside perspective on the healthcare system and, as one of the largest healthcare professions, can be effective in healthcare political action,” Weatherspoon says. “Working at the point of care, nurses see the good things and the areas that need improvement.” Nursing professionals can use this knowledge to improve the healthcare industry by advocating and taking political action, Weatherspoon adds. One way to do this is by contacting representatives from your state legislature.  

References  

Nurse Journal Staff. (2021, October 26). The Affordable Care Act and nursing | NurseJournal.org. NurseJournal. https://nursejournal.org/resources/affordable-care-act-nursing-guide/  

Warner, J. J., Benjamin, I. J., Churchwell, K., Firestone, G., Gardner, T. J., Johnson, J. C., Ng-Osorio, J., Rodriguez, C. J., Todman, L., Yaffe, K., Yancy, C. W., & Harrington, R. A. (2020). Advancing healthcare reform: The American Heart Association’s 2020 statement of principles for adequate, accessible, and affordable health care: A presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. 

REPLY 

SN 

 

The post NRS 428 Topic 4 DQ 2 appeared first on Nursing Assignment Crackers.

Research the delivery, finance, management, and sustainability methods of the U.S. health care system. Evaluate the effectiveness of one or more of these areas on quality patient care and health outcomes. Propose a potential health care reform solution to improve effectiveness in the area you evaluated and predict the expected effect. Describe the effect of health care reform on the U.S. health care system and its respective stakeholders. Support your post with a peer-reviewed journal article. 

 

RIZALINA 

The United States health care system is complex with a mix of private and public sectors. Depending on the legislation that is passed by the government, the system changes and evolves, sometimes for the better, and at times at the detriment of the community when it does not work or function the way it was intended to (Grand Canyon University, 2018). Finance management of the health care system is through health insurance from employers, with out-of-pocket costs or if eligible, through the federal government assistance programs such as Medicaid, Medicare, or Tricare. A health care reform law passed by former President Obama called the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act has 3 main primary goals: to provide affordable health insurance, expand the Medicaid program and support medical care delivery methods (HHS.gov, 2022). The aim may be true but it is still fragmented and confusing for most people to navigate and apply for its services. The IOM report showed a continuous lack of coordination with various stakeholders in the healthcare system of the U.S. (Grand Canyon University, 2018). 

Statistics still show that 8.6 percent or 28 million remain uninsured in 2020 and private insurance is more prevalent than public insurance which only covers 34.8 percent (Keisler-Starkey & Bunch, 2021). A proposal on health care reform may be to increase the public coverage for health insurance and make it available to most if not everyone just like Canada, which is one of the best health care systems in the world for providing health care services for free no matter the income level (Sawyer, et al., 2011). What is important is for the community to be aware of the health care plan coverage, and to be involved and assist the government in the reformation and ratification of the health care system by writing to their governors, or being an active part of the community. 

References 

 

Grand Canyon University (Ed). (2018). Community & public health: The future of health care. Retrieved from https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs427vn/community-and-public-health-the-future-of-health-care/v1.1/ 

 

Keisler-Starkey & Bunch. (2021). United States Census Bureau Health Insurance Coverage in the United States. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2021/demo/p60-274.html: 2020 (census.gov) 

 

HHS.gov. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2022). About the Affordable Care Act. Retrieved from https://www.hhs.gov/healthcare/about-the-aca/index.htmldable Care Act | HHS.go 

 

Matthew P. Sawyer, Qian Gao, Yue Dong, and Zhi Xiang Chen. (2011). An Overview of the Canadian Health Care System. Retrieved from http://assets.ce.columbia.edu/pdf/actu/actu-canada.pdf#: (columbia.edu) 

REPLY 

LT 

Hello Rizalina, 

 I agree with you that the US health care system is complex. The increasing demand of healthcare services can be attributed to the complexity. Private and public sectors are working together to ensure that Americans receive affordable and quality healthcare services (Rice at al., 2018). However, to ensure that American health care system befits the public expectation, the government is a stakeholder in the sector. The federal government assistance programs such as Medicaid, Medicare, or Tricare has improved healthcare services’ access to many Americans. The government initiatives and policies have continued to change to meet ever-changing healthcare needs. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act three main primary goals aim at improving healthcare services’ access to most uninsured Americans. The federal government assumes that through initiating these assistance programs, healthcare organizations will improve their performance (Doherty et al., 2020). The partnership between the government and insurers have ensured that most uninsured Americans access quality healthcare services. Regrettably, there are still some Americans struggling to afford quality healthcare services due the high cost. 

 

References 

Doherty, R., Cooney, T. G., Mire, R. D., Engel, L. S., Goldman, J. M., & Health and Public Policy Committee and Medical Practice and Quality Committee of the American College of Physicians*. (2020). Envisioning a better US health care system for all: a call to action by the American College of Physicians. Annals of internal medicine, 172(2_Supplement), S3-S6. https://doi.org/10.7326/M19-2411 

Rice, T., Unruh, L. Y., van Ginneken, E., Rosenau, P., & Barnes, A. J. (2018). Universal coverage reforms in the USA: From Obamacare through Trump. Health Policy, 122(7), 698-702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2018.05.007 

KELECHI 

Hey Class, 

Healthcare in the United States has several issues that demand immediate attention if it is to be improved. It focuses on uninsured patients who have to bear the high premiums and out-of-pocket expenses. The costs of expanding their coverage are increasing the gap in access to insurance coverage because of their sustainability and viability (Faruqi, 2021). Compared to other countries, the United States spends more money per person on medication. Drug therapy and self-management are two examples of efficient and preventative treatment. The activities of the medical system to meet the health needs of the population to promote effective health care for individuals and the public. Health incentives are supplied to users to maximize their efficiency—general coverage on financial protection, equity, and sustainable growth in epidemiological and social demographic changes are included in the health incentive package.         The economic viability of the health care system is a significant issue in health policy. When medical bills and strategies to restrict spending are included, the monetary value increases (Faruqi, 2021). The primary focus of health policy economics today is on financial stability and long-term economic growth. Health science and technology improve the quality of life while also reducing the length of life expectancy at a lower cost to society. Inequality and insufficiency are encouraged by globalization in economics and medicine (Faruqi, 2021). Reduced benefits and improved safety due to insufficient tax revenue boost the economy’s ability to compete. 

Unemployment and financial hardship impact medical care budgets, both public and private. It is easier to meet healthcare needs when everyone has access to enough healthcare funding, high-quality services, and longer life expectancies are all available to them (Mackintosh, 2019). Government taxes made possible by national health insurance promotes responsive and long-term healthcare systems. Healthcare stakeholders include health care providers (physicians), government agencies, employers, and insurance companies. Benefits provided by these insurers include health insurance for both employees and customers. With the passage of the Affordable Care Act, medical stakeholders are exposed to risk, saved, and formed partnerships (Mackintosh, 2019). Although treatment prices are rising, the medical market is advancing health. The National Quality method attempts to improve drug quality while reducing health care expenses. Healthy relationships among stakeholders can be enhanced by increasing the involvement of leaders, decision-making processes, and high-level trends in health care quality and market change. 

References 

Faruqi, A. (2021). Healthcare management. OrangeBooks Publication. 

Mackintosh, D. R. (2019). Systems and health care. Systems of Health Care, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429308147-1 

 

RESPOND HERE 

Kelechi, I agree with you that US healthcare sector has to improve its performance. The fact that the American government spent heavily on healthcare, Americans expect to benefit. The United States utilizes more money per person on medication compared to other successful countries.  The expenditure is a surety to the people of affordable and quality healthcare services (Al Asmri et al., 2020). The government spend more in insurance coverage targeting uninsured Americans. The government assistance programs have improved healthcare services accessibility. However, the coverage process has exposed rot in most of these programs. The serious issues raised on some of the government initiatives demand urgent reforms. Financial constraints impact private and public medical care budgets (Thomas et al., 2018). Healthcare organizations may fail to initiate other programs due to financial hardships. Similarly, engaging suppliers and different stakeholders in the government assistance programs may decrease financial impact on healthcare services. Americans may not get the monetary value of government investment in healthcare sector.  

 

References 

Al Asmri, M., Almalki, M. J., Fitzgerald, G., & Clark, M. (2020). The public health care system and primary care services in Saudi Arabia: a system in transition. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 26(4). 

Thomas, K. C., Shartzer, A., Kurth, N. K., & Hall, J. P. (2018). Impact of ACA health reforms for people with mental health conditions. Psychiatric services, 69(2), 231-234. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201700044 

 

DANIEL 

Management of care is essential to healthcare delivery. The first delivery method of the healthcare system is managed care. The healthcare delivery system focuses on reducing medical costs while maintaining a high quality of care (Carter et al., 2018). The method of healthcare delivery achieves efficiency by integrating the essential functions of healthcare delivery. For instance, this form of healthcare delivery method provides low-cost medical services, especially for low-income families, which ultimately improves the quality of patient care and health outcomes. In addition, the country’s healthcare system also adopts a method to treat military personnel. This highly organized care system provides free-of-charge healthcare services to the US’s active and retired military personnel. This form of healthcare delivery improves the physical and mental health of one of the most valuable and vulnerable populations, the military and veterans. Also, there is the subsystem for vulnerable populations’ delivery method. This approach improves healthcare for vulnerable people such as immigrants, the poor, the uninsured, and minority groups. 

Healthcare technology is the potential solution to healthcare reform to improve the delivery methods of the healthcare system. The adoption of technological applications such as telehealth and in-home medical services will allow healthcare providers to manage and treat a wide range of patients in a short period (Smith et al., 2019). The expected outcome of healthcare technology is reduced hospital delays, readmissions, and medical errors. 

The expansion of telehealth will improve the US healthcare system by preventing the spread of infectious diseases to medical providers and other patients, expanding access to healthcare for populations living in rural areas, and improved quality of care. Telehealth reduces the workload of medical providers, making them more efficient and satisfied, thereby promoting positive patient outcomes and satisfaction ( Young et al., 2019). 

References 

Carter, N., Valaitis, R. K., Lam, A., Feather, J., Nicholl, J., & Cleghorn, L. (2018). Navigation delivery models and roles of navigators in primary care: A scoping literature review. BMC health services research, 18(1), 1-13. 

Smith, A. C., Thomas, E., Snoswell, C. L., Haydon, H., Mehrotra, A., Clemensen, J., & Caffery, L. J. (2020). Telehealth for global emergencies: Implications for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Journal of telemedicine and telecare, 26(5), 309-313. 

Young, J. D., Abdel-Massih, R., Herchline, T., McCurdy, L., Moyer, K. J., Scott, J. D., … & Siddiqui, J. (2019). Infectious Diseases Society of America position statement on telehealth and telemedicine as applied to the practice of infectious diseases. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 68(9), 1437-1443.  

REPLY 

OF 

Daniel it is true that management of care is critical in ensuring that there is quality healthcare services. Managed care is first delivery method in healthcare system that has transformed healthcare system. Managed care enables Americans to access quality healthcare services. The delivery method focuses on increasing quality while reducing the medical cost. American government has expressed its clear intention to improve healthcare services (Rice et al., 2018).  The decision to adopt a method to treat military personnel indicates government’s position on healthcare.  However, private stakeholders can joined the public sector players to develop programs that will have a positive impact on the US healthcare sector. Healthcare needs have been advancing over time (Sarpatwari et al., 2019). As a result, public and private players have been working together to improve healthcare quality. Healthcare technology has enabled the federal government to improve its trust towards healthcare organizations. Similarly, the technology has improved efficiency and individual performance.   

 

 

 

 

 

 

References 

Rice, T., Unruh, L. Y., van Ginneken, E., Rosenau, P., & Barnes, A. J. (2018). Universal coverage reforms in the USA: From Obamacare through Trump. Health Policy, 122(7), 698-702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2018.05.007 

Sarpatwari, A., Barenie, R., Curfman, G., Darrow, J. J., & Kesselheim, A. S. (2019). The US biosimilar market: stunted growth and possible reforms. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 105(1), 92-100. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.1285 

 

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