Workplace scenario and job specifications:
You are working as an urban designer in a civil construction company. Your company has
received a project to design and prepare urban roads.
The organisation has provided you with access to the following documents:
drawings
specifications
design briefs
engineering surveys
geotechnical information
hydrological, meteorological, cultural and heritage data
test results of construction materials for urban roads
data for selecting design options for urban roads
The organisation wants you to applying civil design techniques, including the following, to
prepare detailed designs of urban roads:
computer-aided drafting design (CADD) and drafting technology
engineering graphical presentation techniques
Workplace requirements
Further, the training organisation must ensure the construction site must meet the
requirements given in the table below.
The training organisation must ensure that the civil construction sites prepare
detailed designs of urban roads on at least two (2) occasions. The work includes:
• Carrying out risk assessments
• Evaluating design options for urban roads
• Interpreting and analysing data and performing calculations to determine
the design of the urban roads.
• Preparing design plans for urban roads
• Preparing cost estimates
• Obtaining design approval
• Participating in performance reviews of design processes
• Providing clarification and advice to personnel implementing the design
• Maintaining design and cost records
• Validating designs.
This assessment task requires the student to prepare detailed designs of urban roads in
civil construction. This includes:
• Carrying out risk assessments
• Evaluating design options for urban roads
• Interpreting and analysing data and performing calculations to determine the
design of the urban roads.
• Preparing design plans for urban roads
• Preparing cost estimates
• Obtaining design approval
• Participating in performance reviews of design processes
• Providing clarification and advice to personnel implementing the design
• Maintaining design and cost records
• Validating designs.
To do so, you will be required to complete the following activities on two (2) occasions:
• Activity 1: Plan and prepare for the detailed design of urban roads
• Activity 2: Prepare detailed designs of urban roads
• Activity 3: Finalise design processes of urban roads
• Activity 4: Validate designs
The training organisation must assign a Supervisor to each student or take on the
role of Supervisor.
The worksite must have realistic tasks or simulated tasks, relevant specifications
and work instructions, standard work practices, safety requirements and
environmental constraints.
The site and its surroundings are accessible and clear of hazards, so far as
reasonably practicable.
The site must have realistic workplace conditions, standards, materials, activities,
responsibilities, procedures, safety requirements, and environmental
considerations.
An experienced employee is available to provide adequate guidance and
supervision to less experienced employees.
The students have the clothing and footwear required. In addition, the clothing and
footwear are in good condition and suitable for the task.
Activity 1: Plan and prepare for the detailed design
of urban roads
This activity requires you to plan and prepare for the detailed design of urban roads.
To complete this activity, you are required to:
• Complete the steps given in the ‘Checklist 1’ provided.
• Document the outcomes using Template 1 – Template 3.
While completing each step, you must place a tick mark against each step given in the
checklist once completed.
Checklist 1: Plan and prepare for the detailed design of urban roads
Steps
Occasion 1
Occasion 2
Step 1: Access and interpret urban road design documentation and
ensure the work activity is compliant
• Access the following road design documentation:
o Known and potential hazards, constraints and conditions
o Cultural and heritage data
o Geological data
o Geotechnical data
o Hydrological data
o Survey data
o Meteorological data
• Consult with the Supervisor and team members and ensure the
work activity is compliant.
• Conduct risk assessments of the existing and potential hazards
considering the urban road design documentation.
o Evaluate the layout of the roads and determine five (5)
risks associated with the following:
pavement
surface treatment
traffic signals
sub-surface drainage
traffic management systems
underground services
civil structures
lighting
environmental controls
landscaping
o Calculate risk rating.
o Determine and document risk controls for each risk
identified and document using Template 1
• Further, document the following using Template 2.
o Documents reviewed
o Checks conducted to check compliance with the work
activity.
o Outcomes of the checks conducted.
Step 2: Obtain, read, interpret, clarify and confirm work requirements.
• Consult your Supervisor and obtain work requirements for the
design of urban roads.
• Read the work requirements.
• Consult relevant authorities and interpret work requirements.
• Clarify and confirm project work requirements and information
with relevant authorities.
Step 3: Prepare a design plan using Template 3, which makes the best
use of the available resources and meets the design requirements.
Include the following information in the design plan:
• Human resource requirements
• Design hardware and software
• Coordination requirements
• Scheduling
• Review requirements
• Design process communication and reporting requirements
Template 1: Risk assessment (Occasion 1)
Risk assessment
Risks (Any five)
Risk
likelihood
Risk
consequence
Risk
rating
Risk controls
Sign off:
Date:
Template 2: Compliance check
Compliance check
Client Name: Student to fill
Address: Student to fill
Phone Number: Student to fill
Date(dd/mm/yyyy) Student to fill
Worker name:
Job Details:
Compliace check
Worker
signature:
Documents reviewed
Checks conducted to check
complaice of the work activity.
(50-100 words)
Outcomes of the checks
conducted.
(150-200 words)
Sign off:
Date:
Template 3: Design plan
Design plan
Client Name: Student to fill
Address: Student to fill
Phone Number: Student to fill
Date(dd/mm/yyyy) Student to fill
Worker name:
Job Details:
Compliace check
Worker
signature:
Human resource
requirements
(50-100 words)
Design hardware and
software
(50-100 words)
Coordination requirements(50-
100 words)
Scheduling
Review requirements(50-
100 words)
Design process
communication and
reporting requirements
(50-100 words)
Sign off:
Date:
Activity 2: Prepare detailed designs of urban roads
This activity requires you to prepare detailed design of urban roads
To complete this activity, you are required to:
• Complete the steps given in the ‘Checklist 2’ provided.
• Document the outcomes using Template 4 – Template 6
While completing each step, you must place a tick mark against each step given in
the checklist once completed.
Checklist 2: Plan and prepare for the detailed design of urban roads
Steps
Occasion 1
Occasion 2
Step 1: Interpret the following data to the team members from the
documentation accessed and analyse data in collaboration with them:
• Areas
• Volumes
• Flow rates
• Capacities
• Densities
• Mass
• Percentages
• Grades
• Capacity requirements for urban roads
• Sizes of component for urban roads
• Cross-section
• Horizontal alignment
• Vertical alignment
• Tie-In sections and blend areas
• Passing/overtaking lanes
• Intersections, Roundabouts and Interchanges
• High Wide Loads
• Bus Facilities
• Pavement Structure and Surfacing Design
• Road Safety Barriers
• Drainage Design
• Signing and Linemarking
• Design safety
• Road Design Standards
Further, based on the above-given analysis of data, you are then
required to prepare a report using Template 4 to the management that
includes the following:
• Three (3) viable options for the design of urban roads.
• Provide a recommendation on the preferred option and provide
a reason for the selection of the preferred option.
Step 2: Complete the detailed design of the urban roads using
computer-aided drafting design (CADD) and drafting technology.
• Access computer-aided drafting design (CADD) technology such
as AutoCAD to complete the design of urban roads.
• Take into consideration the data analysed and recommendations
provided in Step 1.
• Submit the finalised design to your Supervisor.
Step 3: Prepare a cost estimate for executing the designed urban roads
using Template 5. Include the following information:
• Fixed costs: This includes the cost of purchasing equipment,
material and plants.
• Time-related cost: This includes the cost of wages, equipment,
and building rents spends on a particular activity in a given
duration.
• Quantity proportional cost: It includes the cost of the quantity of
material. It is of two types such as:
o Direct costs of construction of urban roads: The costs and
expenses accrued on a facility, capacity or item areknown
as direct costs. The expenses caused by workers,material
and equipment, etcetera are the direct costs in
construction projects.
o Indirect costs of construction of urban roads: These are
not directly accounted for on a particular facility, product
or function. These are either variable or fixed.
• Construction cost of roads including the following:
o environmental works
o traffic management and temporary works
o adjustments of public utility
o traffic signage, signals and controls
o retaining walls
o drainage
o tunnels
o client-supplied materials and construction services
o pavements
o finishing works
o bulk earthworks
o supplementary items
o bridges
Step 4: Participate in the review of the design of the urban road with
peers and stakeholders.
• Cross-Section: Examine the relationship between typical road
cross-section layouts for initial and final designs, paying special
attention to the following:
o Horizontal and vertical alignments.
o Design levels.
o The extent of earthworks and batters.
• Horizontal Alignment: Discuss the design concerns using the
following items as a guide:
o alignment length
o design speed,
o chainage system,
o curve radii range
o realignment(s) concerning the existing road,
o plan transitions,
o alternative horizontal alignments,
o tie-ins,
o horizontal alignment to ultimate alignment,
o variances to Main Roads lateral clearance requirements
• Vertical Alignment: Discuss the design concerns using the
following items as a guide:
o VPI spacing
o sight distance
o Gradients,
o super-elevation, super-elevation VC roundings,
o super-elevation transition lengths,
o clearances for grade separation,
o cut and fill depths,
o relationship of vertical profiles for each carriageway
o alternative vertical alignments,
o constraints, etc.
• Tie-In Sections and Blend Areas: Discuss the design concerns for
where the planned roadworks tie into existing road sections,
such as blend zones, diverge/merge tapers, and the suitability
of tie-in section sight distances.
• Passing / Overtaking Lanes: If applicable, discuss the following
design issues for overtaking lanes:
o Length of overtaking lanes.
o Warrant for overtaking lanes.
o Location of overtaking lanes
• Road Widening
o If applicable, discuss the following design aspects for the
road widening:
o Warrant for the road widening.
o Length of the road widening.
o Location of the road widening
o Profiling of the edge of the road widening
o Method used for designing the road widening
• Intersections, Roundabouts and Interchanges: Discuss the
design concerns using the following items as a guide:
o design speed,
o traffic assessment,
o horizontal and vertical alignments,
o left and right turn lane treatments (free flow slip lane, 70
deg. standup),
o sight distances,
o deceleration lane lengths,
o cyclist facilities,
o acceleration lane lengths,
o traffic islands,
o pedestrian facilities,
o paving,
o dual-use-paths,
o bridges,
o underpasses,
o ramps,
o swept path design vehicle(s),
o traffic signal control,
o ability to turn lane correct,
o alternative alignments,
o clearances for grade separation,
o constraints, etc.
o cut and fill depths,
• Pedestrian and Cyclist Facilities: Discuss the designconsiderations
for pedestrian and cycling facilities, paying special attention to the
features listed below:
o the inclusion of unique features that best fulfil the needs
of schoolchildren, people with disabilities, and bikers,
such as hazard warning systems, path slopes, and tactile
ground surface indicators.
o interim access requirements to existing pedestrian and
bicycle amenities impacted by road construction works,
such as traffic island treatments, head-start bike lanes,
grab rails, and ramps
• High Wide Loads: Discuss the design considerations using the
following important element as an example:
o the design vehicle and load,
o road and ramp widths,
o route assessment
o horizontal clearances,
o vertical clearances,
o super-elevation or cross fall,
o maximum grades
o pavement structure and surfacing criteria
o vertical clearance analysis, etc.
• Bus Facilities: Discuss the need for new and/or relocated bus
facilities, as well as their treatment, using the following aspects
as a guide:
o location,
o drainage,
o length (including entry and exit tapers),
o hard standing areas,
o bus shelters,
o tactile ground surface indicators,
o traffic signs and pavement marking.
• Driveways: Discuss the need for reinstated, relocated, and new
driveways, as well as the treatment options.
• Rest Areas and Other Roadside Features: Discuss the design
concerns using the following items as a guide:
o facilities at parking bays and rest areas,
o the location of parking bays and rest areas,
o the spacing of parking bays and rest areas,
o truck arrestor beds etc.
• Pavement Structure and Surfacing Design: Discuss the structure
of pavement and bituminous surfacing design in light of the
geotechnical study findings and the following key elements:;
o design period traffic volumes,
o design period traffic composition
o pavement design,
o existing and adjoining pavement,
o subgrade material,
o proposed base course material,
o proposed sub-base material,
o proposed bituminous chip seal
o proposed bituminous primer seal
o special treatments, e.g. floodways etc.
• Earthworks and Batter Slopes: If applicable, discuss the
following design issues for overtaking lanes:
o Deviation from the design batters
o the proposed embankment fill material,
o any special maintenance requirements.
o any special treatments proposed
o unsuitable materials,
• Road Safety Barriers: Discuss the justifications behind the
following safety barriers:
o bridge abutments and piers,
o proposed fill embankments,
o drainage features and fixed roadside furniture.
• Drainage Design: Discuss the drainage system, focusing on the
following points:
o Design philosophy.
o Consequences of failure
o Failure mechanism of the system.
o Drainage basins
o Outlets for the drainage system
o Ground types.
o Protection of drainage features.
o Floodways.
o Treatments for scour, overflow paths etc.
o Environmental standards and constraints.
o Minimum maintenance requirements
• Accommodation Works
o Fencing
o Noise Barriers and Retaining Walls
o Lighting Design
o Traffic Signals
o Signing and Linemarking
o Roadside Assistance Phones (Emergency Telephones)
Step 6: Complete a design report for the design of the urban road using
Template 6. Include the following information:
• Cover page, including the following information:
o Road Name or Project Name
o S.L.K. – S.L.K.
o Design Report
o Road Section
o Report Status (Draft / Final)
o Local Authority Name (and Number)
o Project Number and Contract Number (if relevant)
o Date (Month / Year)
• Table of content
• Body of the report
o Introduction
The design report’s introduction will include a
concise statement defining who commissioned the
design project, a description of the road under
consideration, the scope of the design work
undertaken, the reason(s) for undertaking the
project, and what benefits are expected to be
achieved as a result of the design.
An Executive Summary may be necessary for
some reports.
o Background
o Topography
o Road Reserve
o Traffic Assessment and Forecast
o ROSMA Road Trauma Reduction
o Road Safety Audits
o Existing services such as ‘DIAL BEFORE YOU DIG
Services’
o Design Standards
o Road Design Standards
o Drainage Design Standards
• Appendices
Step 7: Monitor and coordinate the progress of other team members
involved in the design process.
Template 4: Analysis report
Analysis report
Client Name: Student to fill
Address: Student to fill
Phone Number: Student to fill
Date(dd/mm/yyyy) Student to fill
Worker name:
Job Details:
Analysis report
Worker signature:
Three (3) viable options for design of urban roads.
(50-100 words)
• Conduct regular meetings to measure the progress of each
workgroup involves in the design process.
• Submit the meeting minutes to the trainer/assessor.
Step 8: Gain design approval from a higher authority.
• Submit the design approved to the trainer/assessor.
Sign off:
Date:
Provide a recommendation on the preferred option and provide a reason for the selection
of the preferred option.
Template 5: Road materials measurement
Road materials measurement
Client Name: Student to fill
Address: Student to fill
Phone Number: Student to fill
Date(dd/mm/yyyy) Student to fill
Worker name:
Job Details:
Cost report
Worker signature:
Measure the required materials for the given cross-section of a flexible road with a 1-
kilometer length and 3.5 meters wide at the surface base. The road has 15 cm, 20 cm, and
25 cm thicknesses for the surface layer, base layer, and subbase layer, respectively, as
shown in Figure. Also, estimate the earthwork required for the subgrade layer. Assume
30% extra material in each layer for full compaction.
Template 6: Design report
Design report (500-600 words)
Client Name: Student to fill
Address: Student to fill
Phone Number: Student to fill
Date(dd/mm/yyyy) Student to fill
Worker name:
Job Details:
Design report
Worker signature:
List the content that should be included in a design report.
Activity 3: Finalise design processes of urban
roads
This activity requires you to finalise the design processes of urban roads
To complete this activity, you are required to:
• Complete the steps given in the ‘Checklist 3’ provided.
• Document the outcomes using Template 7.
While completing each step, you must place a tick mark against each step given in the
checklist once completed.
Checklist 3: Finalise design processes of urban roads
Steps
Occasion 1
Occasion 2
Step 1: Ensure the filing of design records is completed.
Further:
• Submit the filed design records to the trainer/assessor.
• Document the procedure implemented to file design records
using Template 7.
Step 2: Complete and submit design cost and other reporting.
• Submit cost and other reporting to the trainer/assessor.
Step 3: Participate in performance review of the design process with the
Supervisor.
• Determine the effectiveness of design processes implemented
and document using Template 7.
• Recommend any changes required to the Supervisor and gather
feedback and document using Template 7.
Step 4: Seek client feedback and contribute to the verification of the
design.
• Consult client and seek feedback on design.
• Verify design and make any recommended changes.
• Submit the revised design, if any changes are made.
Step 5: Close out all systems.
Further, document the procedures implemented to close out all systems
using Template 7.
Sign off:
Date:
Template 7: Finalise design processes of urban roads
Finalise design processes of urban roads
Client Name: Student to fill
Address: Student to fill
Phone Number: Student to fill
Date(dd/mm/yyyy) Student to fill
Worker name:
Job Details:
Finalise design processes of urban roads
Worker signature:
Procedure implemented to file design records (150-200 words)
The documents should be collected
Effectiveness of design processes implemented
Procedures implemented to close out all systems
Feedback received
Activity 4: Validate designs
This activity requires you to clean up at the worksite after constructing validate the designs
finalised in Activity 3.
This activity requires you to finalise design processes of urban roads
To complete this activity, you are required to:
• Complete the steps given in the ‘Checklist 4’ provided.
• Document the outcomes using Template 8 for each occasion.
While completing each step, you must place a tick mark against each step given in the
checklist once completed.
Checklist 4: Validate designs
Steps
Occasion 1
Occasion 2
Step 1: Provide clarification and advice to those applying the design.
Instructions:
• Provide clarification and advice on the flowing to the personnel
or authorities applying the design. Discuss and clarify the
following with them:
o Design characteristics
o Key areas of consideration
o Outcomes of design reports
Further:
• Document the discussion conducted using Template 8.
Step 2: Validate designs.
• Evaluate the application of the design and recommend changes
for continuous improvement and document using Template 8.
Sign off:
Date:
Template 8: Validation of designs
Validation of designs
Client Name: Student to fill
Address: Student to fill
Phone Number: Student to fill
Date(dd/mm/yyyy) Student to fill
Worker name:
Job Details:
Validation of designs
Worker signature:
Discussion conducted
Validation of designs
